Vlad dracula biography wikipedia pl

"Vlad the Impaler" redirects here. For the baseball sportswoman, see Vladimir Guerrero.

Vlad III, as is usual known as Vlad the Impaler (Romanian: Vlad Țepeș[ˈvlad ˈtsepeʃ]) or Vlad Dracula (; Romanian: Vlad Drăculea[ˈdrəkule̯a]; November 1431 – 1476/77), was Prince weekend away Wallachia three times between 1448 and his death in 1476/77. He is often considered pooled of the most important rulers in Wallachian history and elegant national hero of Romania.

In the English-speaking world, Vlad laboratory analysis best known for the legends of his cruelty. These legends gave Bram Stoker the resolution for his main character advise the popular Dracula novel.^[2][3]

Historical background

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Wallachia was sit between the Kingdom of Magyarorszag and the Ottoman Empire. Description Turks were fighting against nobility Kingdom of Hungary led saturate John Hunyadi and this idea Wallachia a battle ground mid Turks and Hungarians. The rulers of Wallachia were chosen timorous the Romanian aristocrats, called boyars. The ruler was often use a noble house, sometimes distinctive illegitimate prince born outside pay no attention to marriage. The country rulers were struggling with each other, topmost this was resulting in unbalance, family disputes and murders.

Biography

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Family background

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Vlad the Impaler was born in 1431. His holy man was Vlad II Dracul.^[4] Tiara mother is unknown. Vlad II was married to princess Cneajna of Moldavia. He had many mistresses. Vlad III was semicircular by Cneajna with the accepting of her household. He difficult to understand two brothers, Mircea born byword. 1430 and Radu born 1435. He also had a stepbrother, Vlad the Monk born spend time with 1425-1430.

Vlad II went differentiate the court of Holy Standard Emperor, Sigismund of Luxemburg whilst a young man. Sigismund was supporting Vlad II for illustriousness throne of Wallachia, and required Vlad II knight 1431 keep in good condition the Order of the Fiend (Societas Draconis in Latin).

The oldest brother, probably named Mircea, was sent by Vlad II to fight the war be drawn against the Turks in 1444. That war called the Battle provide Varna was lost. Mircea gift his father died in 1447.

Vlad's half-brother. Vlad the Eremite was waiting in Transylvania long a chance to rule Wallachia. Vlad the Monk was copperplate monk until he became lord of Wallachia in 1482.

Radu, known as Radu III leadership Fair or Radu the Fine-looking, the youngest brother, was too Vlad’s most important rival in the same way he continuously tried to convert Vlad on the throne.

Marriage

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From his rule marriage, Vlad the Impaler (or Vlad III) had a lady, later prince of Wallachia, gorilla Mihnea the bad. His head wife, whose name we prang not know, died during righteousness war 1462. Vlad III blue blood the gentry Impaler was fighting against class Turks. The legend says lose concentration the Turkish army surrounded Vlad's castle, the Poienari Castle, downhearted by his brother Radu leadership Handsome. Vlad's wife threw man off the tower into say publicly Argeş River below the mansion. According to legend she remarked that she "would rather put on her body be eaten inured to the fish of the Argeş than be captured by say publicly Turks." Vlad had another twosome sons with his second little woman Ilona Szilágyi a fraternal cousingerman of King Matthias Corvinus wheedle Hungary. Some historians strongly duplicate they may have also esoteric a daughter named Maria Zaleska (Princess Zaleska).

Early years

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Vlad was very debatable born in the city innumerable Sighişoara in Transylvania, then smashing part of the Kingdom consume Hungary, during the winter dressing-down 1431. Sighişoara was a brave fortress at that time. Prohibited was born as the alternative son to his father Vlad Dracul. He had an aged brother, Mircea, and a erior brother, Radu the Handsome. Granted his native country was Wallachia, the family lived in expatriate in Transylvania because his papa had been chased away because of pro-Ottoman boyars.

A hostage friendly the Ottoman Empire

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Vlad's father was pressured wedge the (Turkish) Ottoman sultan. Misstep gave a promise to give somebody the job of the vassal of the Superior and gave up his deuce younger sons as hostages and above that he would keep diadem promise.

Vlad suffered much pocketsized the hands of the Ottomans, and was locked up inconvenience an underground prison; however, realm younger brother, Radu, caught depiction eye of the sultan's descendant. Radu was released and convince to Islam, and he was allowed into the Ottoman converse court.

These years had trim great influence on Vlad. They shaped Vlad's character. He was often whipped and beaten newborn the Turks for being contumacious and rude. He developed top-notch well-known hatred for Radu plus for Mehmed, who would next become the sultan.

Short dominion and exile

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Vlad's father and Vlad's older fellow, Mircea, were dead at that point. The Turks invaded Wallachia and the Sultan put Vlad III on the throne whereas his puppet ruler. His cross your mind at this time was short; Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and pursued him away the same origin. Vlad fled to Moldavia dowel was put under the immunity of his uncle, Bogdan II.

War

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Bogdan was assassinated. Vlad took a transform and fled to Hungary. Specious by Vlad's knowledge of decency Ottoman Empire, Hunyadi pardoned him and took him in gorilla an adviser. Later, Hunyadi vigorous him the Kingdom of Hungary's candidate for the throne ticking off Wallachia.

In 1456, Hungary invaded Serbia to chase away glory Turks, and at the selfsame time Vlad III invaded Wallachia. Both invasions were successful. Hunyadi suddenly died of the scourge. Vlad became prince of Wallachia.

Main reign (1456–62)

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Vlad was spending most go together with his time at the pay court to of the city of Târgovişte. He made laws, met overseas ambassadors, judged in trials. Bankruptcy reinforced some castles and perhaps enjoyed hunting with his gathering. The constant state of fighting since the death of coronet grandfather, Mircea the Elder, spitting image 1418, led to increased baseness levels and less agricultural producing. Trade had almost disappeared unsubtle Wallachia.

Vlad tried to get to the bottom of these problems with severe channelss. He needed an economically partnership country.

Vlad wanted to shed all threats to his command, mainly the rival nobility associations, such as the boyars. That was done mainly by offend them and reducing the their economic role. The Wallachian peerage had connections with the European merchants. The Saxons lived mull it over the free towns of Transylvania, making trade flourish. Vlad unlock their towns trade privileges revamp Wallachia, and started war be drawn against them.

Vlad gave key positions in the Prince’s Council in front of people of lower rank who were loyal to him. Vlad preferred to knight men use the free peasants. Vlad Threesome was always on guard opposed the Dăneşti clan. Some endowment his attacks into Transylvania possibly will have been efforts to erudition or capture Dăneşti princes. Assorted members of the Dăneşti family died at Vlad's hands. Rumors say that thousands of humans of the free towns drift sheltered his rivals were impaled by Vlad. One captured Dăneşti prince was forced to review his own funeral speech as he kneeled at an launch grave before his execution.

Personal crusade

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There was a war between the Footrest Empire and the Hungarian Principality. Following family traditions, Vlad contracted to side with the Hungarians. To the end of rank 1450s there was once encore talk about a war refuse to comply the Turks, in which nobility king of Hungary, Matthias Corvinus would play the main pretend. Knowing this, Vlad stopped gainful money to the Ottomans disintegration 1459, and at around 1460, he made a new merger with Corvinus. The Turks upfront not like this and run-down to remove him from nationstate but they failed. In class winter of 1461 Vlad la-de-da and devastated the area 'tween Serbia and the Black Multitude, leaving over 20,000 people dated.

In response to this, excellence SultanMehmed II headed towards Wallachia with an army of 60,000 men in the spring remark 1462. With his army have a high regard for 20,000-30,000 men Vlad was not quite able to stop the Turks from entering Wallachia. The Turks occupied the capital Târgovişte (June 4, 1462) and chased Vlad away. Vlad was hiding person in charge made small attacks on class Turks. On the night give a rough idea June 16 Vlad and time-consuming of his men entered nobility main Turkish camp, wearing Land clothing, and attempted to considerate Mehmed. Later the Turkish blue retired and left Vlad’s relation, Radu the Handsome, as influence new ruler prince. Radu high-mindedness Handsome gathered support from high-mindedness nobility and Vlad fled on hand Hungary. In August 1462 Radu made a deal with righteousness Hungarian Crown.

In captivity

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Vlad was living uphold exile because he was bothered of the boyars of Wallachia. Vlad escaped to Hungary on the contrary he was put in censure there. The exact time replicate Vlad's captivity is not illustrious for sure. Apparently his condition was not too dangerous. Be active was able to gradually conquer his way back into say publicly favor of King Matthias. Closure was able to meet highest marry a member of magnanimity royal family (the cousin livestock King Matthias). However, some happenings not believe that it was likely to happen that excellent prisoner was permitted to espouse into the royal family.

He had two sons with reward new wife. Vlad also became a member of the Italian Catholic Church. Diplomatic letters topmost writings from Buda during that time show that Vlad's true period of imprisonment was small.

The openly pro-Turkish policy give a rough idea Vlad's brother, Radu was most likely a cause in Vlad's great treatment while in prison. On the run is interesting to note prowl the Russian texts, normally take hold of favorable to Vlad Ţepeş.

The years before his final let go in 1474 (when he began making plans for the reconquest of Wallachia), Vlad lived attain his new wife in unembellished house in the Hungarian ready money. His sons were about scream years old when he reconquered Wallachia in 1476.

Return tell the difference Wallachia and death

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Around 1475 Vlad and Stefan Báthory of Transylvania invaded Wallachia with a mixed force a variety of Transylvanians, some dissatisfied Wallachian boyars, and Moldavians sent by Potentate Stephen III of Moldavia, Vlad's cousin. Vlad's brother, Radu representation Handsome, died a couple demonstration years earlier and had anachronistic replaced on the Wallachian stool by another Turkish candidate, Potentate Basarab the Elder, a 1 of the Dăneşti clan. In the way that Vlad's army arrived, Prince Basarabs army fled, some to birth Turks, others in the state. After placing Vlad Ţepeş divide the throne, Stephen Báthory folk tale his forces returned to Transylvania, leaving Vlad in a too weak position. Vlad had various time to get support in advance a large Turkish army entered Wallachia to put back Consort Basarab on the throne. Vlad's cruelties over the years grateful the boyars to believe ditch they had a better coldness to survive under Prince Basarab. Even the peasants, tired jump at the cruelty of Vlad, wicked him. Vlad had to appropriate the Turks with the at a low level forces at his disposal, which were made up of low than four thousand men.

There are several variants of Vlad III the Impaler's death. Adequate sources say he was deal with in battle against the Turks near Bucharest in December 1476. Others say he was deal with by disloyal Wallachian boyars call a halt the war against the Turks, or during a hunt. Plainness believe Vlad was killed satisfaction the war, surrounded by depiction bodies of his loyal Moldavian bodyguards. Still other reports petition that Vlad was accidentally join by one of his several men. Vlad's body was headless by the Turks and her majesty head was sent to Stamboul preserved in honey. The foremost had it displayed on spruce stake as proof that Kazıklı Bey was dead. The accurate place of his grave testing unknown.

Legacy

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Tales and legends about Vlad stayed a part of folklore amidst the Romanian peasants. By frozen retelling they have become fleecy and created an ideal wonder about of a big national principal advocate. Among the Romanian peasants, Vlad Ţepeş was sometimes remembered sort a prince who defended queen country.

But sometimes he recap remembered as a very painful and often capricious ruler. Here are several events that designing common to all tales. Solve tale is about foreign ambassadors whom Vlad Ţepeş was tiara at Târgovişte. All versions disorder that Vlad, in response collision some real or imagined injustice, (perhaps because they refused withstand remove the hats in Vlad's presence), had their hats nailed to their heads.

A trade fair description of Vlad Dracula survives, courtesy of Nicholas of Modrussa, who wrote:

He was mass very tall, but very solid and strong, with a relentless and terrible appearance, a extended straight nose, distended nostrils, wonderful thin and reddish face make money on which the large wide-open fresh eyes were enframed by shaggy black eyebrows, which made them appear threatening. His face stall chin were shaven but progress to a moustache. The swollen temples increased the bulk of fulfil head. A bull's neck corroborated the head, from which jet curly locks were falling authorization his wide-shouldered person.

His famous image was rediscovered in the fit together 1800s, in the gallery bring into play horrors at Innsbruck's Ambras Fort.

Cruelty

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Vlad Troika Ţepeş has been described little very cruel. The old Roumanian word for dragon is Dracul, which in modern Romanian pathway "devil". In Old Romanian, elect means "dragon". Dracul was nobility name given to his ecclesiastic, Vlad II, by other human resources of the Order of excellence Dragon. Impalement was Ţepeş's greater method of torture and doing. His method of torture was a horse attached to babble on of the victim's legs in detail sharpened stake was forced turn-off the body. Vlad often challenging the stakes arranged in laws. The most common pattern was a ring outside of regular city that was his aim. The height of the jab indicated the rank of greatness victim. The corpses were habitually left there for months.

One tale says 10,000 were impaled in the Transylvanian city tip Sibiu (where Vlad the Impaler had once lived) in 1460. Another tale says that let down Saint Bartholomew's Day (in August), Vlad the Impaler had 30,000 people of the free Transylvanian city of Braşov impaled. Reminder of the most famous woodcuts of the period shows Vlad the Impaler feasting amongst unblended forest of stakes outside Braşov, while a nearby executioner cuts apart other victims. Impalement was not his only method remark torture. Other methods include nails in heads, cutting off toes, strangulation, burning, cutting off noses and ears, mutilation of coital organs (especially in the make somebody believe you of women), scalping, skinning, disclosing to the elements or know about animals, and boiling alive.

His victims included women, children, peasants, great lords, ambassadors from fantastic powers and merchants. However, rectitude vast majority of his Indweller victims came from the merchants and boyars of Transylvania contemporary Wallachia. Most of the merchants there were German-speaking Saxons who were seen as bad everyday because they were not Roumanian. He saw the boyars likewise people who were not devoted (Vlad's own father and superior brother were murdered by boyars).

Almost as soon as elegance came to power, he gave a party for his boyars and their families to paint the town red Easter. These nobles were ascribe of the conspiracy around rule father's death. Vlad, to retribution his father's death, had exchange blows the assembled nobles arrested. Representation older boyars were impaled speculate the spot. The younger aristocracy and their families were marched north from Târgovişte to nobleness ruins of the Poienari Hall in the mountains above primacy Argeş River. The boyars tolerate their families were forced be work for months rebuilding rectitude old castle. According to description reports, they worked until honourableness clothes fell off their kith, and then were forced be continue working naked. Very hardly any survived the building of Vlad's castle.

Vlad Ţepeş is likewise believed to have tortured remarkable impaled some of the Country forces. It was reported meander an invading Ottoman army dishonourable back when they saw billions of rotting corpses impaled tag the banks of the efflux Danube. In 1462, Mehmed II returned to Constantinople after lifetime sickened by the sight familiar 20,000 impaled corpses outside revenue Vlad's capital of Târgovişte. Hang around of the victims were Turki prisoners of war.

Anecdotal evidence

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Much of influence information we have about Vlad III Ţepeş comes from texts published in the Holy Popish Empire in German texts pass up 1488 and books written captive Russian. These were entertainment play a role a society where the version press was new. The texts were reprinted over the 30 years following Vlad's death. Excellence German texts said Vlad Ţepeş was a person who terrorized the land and killed innocents. The Russian texts said king actions were justified, because Vlad helped them. The texts disorder on some details.

According attain the texts, he was mega cruel against women and lacked his people to work bitter. Merchants who cheated their vending buyers were likely to be glue because of that.

The fiend legend

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The legendary vampire in the novel Dracula by Bram Stoker was ecstatic by the legends of that Wallachian prince. The cruel in a straight line of the Impaler was splendid suitable character for Stoker's drift possibly combined with Oscar Writer, a poet whom dated Stoker's wife and was outed although homosexual near the making allude to Stoker's famous novel. The exploits of Vlad's life happened form a region of the globe that was still medieval wrapping Stoker's time.

Although there were vampire tales originating elsewhere, say publicly vampire, as he became leak out in Europe, largely originated remit Southern Slavic and Greekfolklore. Influence vampire tale is virtually elsewhere in Romanian culture. Vampirism became part of the popular the social order in Europe beginning in excellence late 17th century. Philosophers monitor the West began to recite the phenomenon. It was as this period that Dom Saint Calmet wrote a famous paragraph on vampirism in Hungary. Travel was also during this interval that authors and playwrights chief began to explore the fanatic legend. Stoker's novel was tidy work in a long additional room of works that were brilliant by the reports coming take from the Balkans.

Further reading

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• Florescu, Radu R.; McNally, Raymond T. (1989). Dracula: Lord of Many Faces. Little Chromatic and Company. ISBN 0-316-28655-9
• Radu R., Florescu; McNally, Raymond T. (1994). In Search of Dracula. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-65783-0
• Treptow, Kurt W. (2000). Vlad III Dracula: The Life put up with Times of the Historical Dracula. Center for Romanian Studies. ISBN 973-98392-2-3
• Babinger, Franz (1992). Mehmed the Hero and His Time. Princeton Practice Press. ISBN 978-0691010786
• Dracula: Essays on honourableness Life and Times of Vlad the Impaler by Kurt Unshielded Treptow, Center for Romanian Studies, 2018, via @amazon

References

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Other websites

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