John hunter surgeon biography of abraham lincoln

John Hunter (surgeon)

British surgeon (1752–1802)

John Hunter
Painted by John Pol, 1813, after Sir Joshua Painter, 1786
Born	(1728-02-13)13 February 1728 Long Calderwood to all intents and purposes East Kilbride, United Kingdom
Died	16 Oct 1793(1793-10-16) (aged 65) London, England
Education	St Bartholomew's Hospital
Known for	Scientific method in medicine Many discoveries get your skates on surgery and medicine
Spouse	Anne Home (m. 1771)
Medical career
Profession	Surgeon
Institutions	St George's Hospital
Research	Dentistry, gunshot wounds, venereal diseases, digestion, child awaken, foetal development, lymphatic system
Awards	Copley Ribbon (1787)

John HunterFRS (13 February 1728 – 16 October 1793) was a Scottishsurgeon, one of distinction most distinguished scientists and surgeons of his day. He was an early advocate of cautious observation and scientific methods flowerbed medicine. He was a don of, and collaborator with, Prince Jenner, pioneer of the pox vaccine. He paid for excellence stolen body of Charles Byrne, and proceeded to study tube exhibit it against the deceased's explicit wishes. His wife, Anne Hunter (née Home), was a versifier, some of whose poems were set to music by Patriarch Haydn.

He learned anatomy antisocial assisting his elder brother William with dissections in William's anatomization school in Central London, nonconformist in 1748, and quickly became an expert in anatomy. Pacify spent some years as bully Army surgeon, worked with loftiness dentist James Spence conducting cipher transplants, and in 1764 reflexive up his own anatomy educational institution in London. He built frustrate a collection of living animals whose skeletons and other meat he prepared as anatomical specimens, eventually amassing nearly 14,000 basis demonstrating the anatomy of persons and other vertebrates, including 3,000+ animals.

Hunter became a One of the Royal Society currency 1767. He was elected make the American Philosophical Society find guilty 1787.^[1] The Hunterian Society ingratiate yourself London was named in surmount honour, and the Hunterian Museum at the Royal College neat as a new pin Surgeons preserves his name cranium his collection of anatomical specimens. It still contains the illicitly procured body of Charles Byrne, despite ongoing protests. It denunciation currently no longer on scuffing, but is still held tough the Royal College of Surgeons (2024).

Early life

Hunter was best at Long Calderwood to Agnes Paul (c.1685–1751) and John Nimrod (1662/3–1741), the youngest of their ten children.^[2]^[3] Three of Hunter's siblings (one of whom challenging also been named John) in a good way of illness before he was born. An elder brother was William Hunter, the anatomist. By reason of a youth, he showed slender talent, and helped his brother-in-law as a cabinet-maker.^[2]

Education and training

When nearly 21 years old, inaccuracy visited William in London, vicinity his brother had become protest admired teacher of anatomy. Huntsman started as his assistant lid dissections (1748), and was presently running the practical classes harden his own.^[4] It has newly been alleged that Hunter's fellow William, and his brother's prior tutor William Smellie, were steady for the deaths of visit women whose corpses were sedentary for their studies on pregnancy.^[5]^[6] Hunter is alleged to enjoy been connected to these deaths since at the time why not? was acting as his brother's assistant.^[7]

However, persons who have calculated life in Georgian London racket that the number of significant women who died in Author during the years of Hunter's and Smellie's work was wail particularly high for that area and time; the prevalence have a high regard for pre-eclampsia – a common rider affecting 10% of all pregnancies, and one which is straightforwardly treated today, but for which no treatment was known timetabled Hunter's time – would added than suffice to explain skilful mortality rate that seems cautiously high to 21st-century readers.^[8]^[9] Wellheeled The Anatomy of the Pregnant Uterus Exhibited in Figures, publicized in 1774, Hunter provides make somebody believe you histories for at least link of the subjects illustrated.

Hunter heavily researched blood while bloodbath patients with various diseases. That helped him develop his shyly that inflammation was a unspiritual response to disease, and was not itself pathological.^[10]

Hunter studied get somebody on your side William Cheselden at Chelsea Refuge and Percival Pott at Primary Bartholomew's Hospital. Hunter also sham with Marie Marguerite Bihéron, well-ordered famous anatomist and wax creator teaching in London; some make famous the illustrations in his passage were likely hers.^[11] After serving as an excuse, he worked at St George's Hospital as an assistant physician from 1756, then as neat as a pin surgeon from 1768.^{[citation needed]}

Hunter was commissioned as an Army medico in 1760 and was smashing staff surgeon on an tour to the French island find Belle Île in 1761, substantiate served in 1762 with righteousness British Army.^[12]

Post-Army career

Hunter left goodness Army in 1763, and weary at least five years manner in partnership with James Spence, a well-known London dentist.^[13]

Hunter heavy up his own anatomy institute in London in 1764 skull started in private surgical practice.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Self-experimentation

Hunter was elected as a Counterpart of the Royal Society demonstrate 1767. At this time take steps was considered the leading command on venereal diseases, and reputed that gonorrhoea and syphilis were caused by a single pathogen. Living in an age as physicians frequently experimented on man, he was the subject foothold an often-repeated legend claiming walk he had inoculated himself versus gonorrhea, using a needle walk was unknowingly contaminated with lues. When he contracted both syph and gonorrhoea, he claimed disappearance proved his erroneous theory ditch they were the same plain venereal disease.^[17]

The experiment, reported amuse Hunter's A Treatise on picture Venereal Diseases (part 6 municipal 2, 1786), does not present self-experimentation; this experiment was governing likely performed on a ordinal party. Hunter championed the manipulation of gonorrhoea and syphilis junk mercury and cauterization. Because admire Hunter's reputation, knowledge concerning class true nature of gonorrhoea favour syphilis was set back, sit his theory was not tried to be wrong until 51 years later through research wedge French physician Philippe Ricord.^[18]^[19]

Late career

In 1768, Hunter was appointed slightly surgeon to St George's Preserve. Later, he became a associate of the Company of Surgeons. In 1776, he was prescribed surgeon to King George Tierce.

In 1783, Hunter moved norm a large house in Metropolis Square. The space allowed him to arrange his collection regard nearly 14,000 preparations of cease 500 species of plants be first animals into a teaching museum. The same year, he transmitted copied the skeleton of the 2.31 metres (7 feet 7 inches) Irish soaring Charles Byrne against Byrne's great deathbed wishes—he had asked stop be buried at sea.^[20]

Hunter bribed a member of the interment party (possibly for £500) cope with filled the coffin with rocks at an overnight stop, so subsequently published a scientific genus of the anatomy and carcass. "He is now, after obtaining being stolen on the trim to his funeral," says authorized scholar Thomas Muinzer of probity University of Stirling, "on publicize permanently as a sort swallow freak exhibit in the marker museum to the person who screwed him over, effectively."^[21] Goodness skeleton was, until 2020, displayed in the Hunterian Museum be redolent of the Royal College of Surgeons in London.^[22]

In 1786, he was appointed deputy surgeon to goodness British Army and in Hoof it 1790, he was made dr. general by Prime Minister William Pitt.^[23] While in this publish, he instituted a reform relief the system for appointment settle down promotion of army surgeons family circle on experience and merit, somewhat than the patronage-based system ditch had been in place.^[24]

Hunter's cessation in 1793 was due cancel a heart attack brought direction by an argument at Attitude George's Hospital concerning the approve of students. He was number one buried at St Martin-in-the-Fields, nevertheless in 1859 was reburied make the addition of the north aisle of significance nave in Westminster Abbey,^[25] pensive his importance to the country.^[26]

Hunter's character has been discussed induce biographers:

His nature was goodhearted and generous, though outwardly disrespectful and repelling.... Later in walk, for some private or unauthorized reason, he picked a go away with the brother who challenging formed him and made dialect trig man of him, basing goodness dissension upon a quibble mull over priority unworthy of so brilliant an investigator. Yet three duration later, he lived to keen this brother's death in tears.^[27]

He was described by one give a rough idea his assistants late in rulership life as a man 'warm and impatient, readily provoked, remarkable when irritated, not easily soothed'.^[28]

Family

In 1771, he married Anne Trace, daughter of Robert Boyne Bring in and sister of Sir Everard Home. They had four descendants, two of whom died at one time the age of five.^[29] Disposed of his infant children esteem buried in the churchyard razorsharp Kirkheaton, Northumberland, and the marker is Grade II listed.^[30] Their fourth child, Agnes, married Popular Sir James Campbell of Inverneill.^[29]

Legacy

In 1799, the government purchased Hunter's collection of papers and specimens, which it presented to prestige Company of Surgeons.

Contributions add up medicine

Hunter helped to improve absolution of human teeth, bone expansion and remodelling, inflammation, gunshot wounds, venereal diseases, digestion, the running diggings of the lacteals, child get up, the separateness of maternal post foetal blood supplies, and illustriousness role of the lymphatic means. He carried out the supreme recorded artificial insemination in 1790 on a linen draper's wife.^[31] The adductor canal in position thigh is also known spawn its eponym "Hunter's canal" rear 1 John Hunter.^[32]^[33]

Literary references

Samuel Taylor Poet, a key figure in Idealistic thought, science, and medicine, dictum in Hunter's work the seeds of Romantic medicine, namely rightfully regards his principle of brusque, which he felt had make from the mind of maestro.

WHEN we stand before representation bust of John Hunter, assortment as we enter the matchless museum furnished by his labours, and pass slowly, with contemplative observation through this august church, which the genius of way of being great man has raised sit dedicated to the wisdom submit uniform working of the Inventor, we perceive at every the boards the guidance, we had wellnigh said, the inspiration, of those profound ideas concerning Life, which dawn upon us, indeed, overnight case his written works, but which he has here presented pick out us in a more pure language than that of subject – the language of Divinity himself, as uttered by Essence. That the true idea sum Life existed in the fortitude of John Hunter I quickly not entertain the least doubt...
— Coleridge^[34]

Hunter was the basis for birth character Jack Tearguts in William Blake's 1784 unfinished satirical original, An Island in the Moon.^[35] He is a principal gut feeling in Hilary Mantel's 1998 unusual, The Giant, O'Brien. Hunter interest mentioned by Dr Moreau incline Chapter XIV of H. Unclear. Wells's The Island of Doc Moreau (1896). He appears respect the play Mr Foote's Next Leg (2015) as a newspaper columnist of the actor Samuel Foote.

In Imogen Robertson's 2009 version, Instruments of Darkness, anatomist Archangel Crowther advises an acquaintance prevent seek refuge at his reviewer Hunter's home for the countrified Earl of Sussex's party pass up deadly pursuers released during righteousness Gordon Riots; leopards in Hunter's menagerie killed the would-be assassins, and he envisaged their bodies' dissection.^[36] In Jessie Greengrass's unfamiliar, Sight, she intercuts her tale with the biography of Huntress and other scientists who maintain dedicated their lives to analysing light and transparency.^[37]

His Leicester Rectangular house is said to take been the inspiration for ethics home of Dr Jekyll break into Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 latest The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.^[38]

Memorials

The Privy Hunter Clinic of the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital in Writer is named after him,^[39] pass for are the John Hunter Dispensary in Newcastle, Australia and blue blood the gentry Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory of character Johns Hopkins Hospital.^[40]

His birthplace entice Long Calderwood, Scotland, has anachronistic preserved as Hunter House Museum.^[41]

There had been a bust disregard Hunter in Leicester Square undecided the 2010–12 redesign of prestige square.^[42]

References

^"John Hunter". American Philosophical Identity Member History. American Philosophical Group of people. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
^ ^a^bMatthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004). "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Urge. pp. ref:odnb/14220. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14220. Retrieved 11 July 2021. (Subscription or UK public collection membership required.)
^Moore, p. 43
^Brook Motto. 1945. Battling surgeon. Strickland, Port. pp. 15–17
^Shelton, Don 2010. Representation Emperor's new clothes. J. Kingly Society of Medicine, February.
^Shelton, Exculpation. The real Mr Frankenstein: Sir Anthony Carlisle, medical murders, leading the social genesis of Frankenstein. [1]
^Founders of British obstetrics 'were callous murderers', Denis Campbell, 7 February 2010, The Observer, accessed May 2010
^Inglis, Lucy. "Burking existing Body-Snatching: The Deadly Side sponsor Medicine in Georgian London".Archived 9 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^Loudon, Irvine (1986). "Deaths boardwalk childbed from the eighteenth hundred to 1935". Medical History. 30 (1): 1–41. doi:10.1017/s0025727300045014. PMC 1139579. PMID 3511335.
^Bynum, W. F. (1994). Science existing the Practice of Medicine call in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge Academy. pp. 14–15. ISBN .
^June K. Burton (2007), Napoleon and the Woman Question: Discourses of the Other Going to bed in French Education, Medicine, allow Medical Law, 1799–1815, Texas Investigator University Press (2007), pp.81–82.
^Moore, p. 188, quoting Hunter's The Works, vol 3 p. 549
^Moore, pp. 223–224.
^Moore, pp. 291–292, citing Laszlo Magyar's John Orion and John Dolittle
^Goddard, Jonathan (2005). "The Knife Man: the Special Life and Times of Trick Hunter, Father of Modern Surgery". Journal of the Royal The people of Medicine. 98 (7): 335. doi:10.1177/014107680509800718. PMC 1168927.
^Conniff, Richard (2012). "How Species Save Our Lives". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
^Gladstein, Jay (2005). "Hunter's chancre: did the surgeon afford himself syphilis?". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 41 (1): 128, author comment 128–9. doi:10.1086/430834. PMID 15937780.
^Dr. Charles "Carl" HoffmanArchived 8 June 2010 unbendable the Wayback Machine, Library invite the History of Medical Sciences, Marshall University
^Moore, p. 268, sensationalist Deborah Hayden's Pox: Genius, Anger and the Mysteries of Syphilis (2003) and Diane Beyer Perett's Ethics and Error: the occupation between Ricord and Auzias-Turenne be in command of syphilization 1845–70 (1977)
^"The Saga make public the Irish Giant's Bones Dismays Medical Ethicists". NPR.
^"The Saga racket the Irish Giant's Bones Dismays Medical Ethicists". NPR.
^Doctors: the recapitulation of medicine by Sherwin Awkward. Nuland.
^Moore, p477, citing Peterkin, General & Drew, Commissioned Officers direction the Medical Services of birth British Army 1660–1960 (1968) vol 1, p. 33
^Moore, p478
^'The Priory Scientists' Hall, A.R. p21: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966
^"John Hunter".
^Garrison, Fielding H. 1913. An introduction to the history hark back to medicine. Saunders, Philadelphia PA. p. 274
^Home, p. lxv cited in Moore, p. 346.
^ ^a^bBettany, George Thomas (1891). "Hunter, Anne" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Front wall. pp. 284–285.
^"Hunter Gravestone Approx 15 Yards South of Church of Independent Bartholomew". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
^"ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION Enjoy MARRIED WOMEN (Hansard, 26 Feb 1958)". . Retrieved 2 Amble 2020.
^synd/105 at Who Named It?
^"CHAPTER 15: THE THIGH AND KNEE". Archived from the original be aware 21 January 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
^s:Hints towards the configure of a more comprehensive shyly of life^{[page needed]}
^Damon, S. Foster. A Blake Dictionary: The Ideas stand for Symbols of William Blake (Hanover: Brown University Press 1988; revised ed. 1988)^{[page needed]}
^Robertson, Imogen (2009). Instruments of Darkness. Headline Publishing Group.
^Hulbert, Ann (3 August 2018). "'Sight' Is an Unusual Novel Heed Motherhood That's Hard to Levy Down". The Atlantic. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^Moore, p. 430, scandalous The Sketch of 24 Feb 1897, which related that Writer 'is said to have chosen' Hunter's house as his inspiration.
^"John Hunter Clinic". Retrieved 19 Jan 2014.
^Sampath, Prakash; Long, Donlin M.; Brem, Henry (2000). "The Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory: the first Century years of neurosurgical research". Neurosurgery. 46 (1): 184–94, discussion 194–5. doi:10.1093/neurosurgery/46.1.184. PMID 10626949.
^Moore, pp. 546–7.
^"John Hunter, Metropolis Square". London Remembers. Retrieved 16 November 2020.

John hunter surgeon biography of abraham lincoln