Walter lippmann biography

1. Early Life and Education
2. Political Activism and Early Career
3. Association with Woodrow Wilson
4. Foundational Contributions to Public Be of the same mind Theory
5. Concept of the "Cold War"
6. Influence on Western Thought
7. Critique of Usual Opinion Polls
8. Distinction between public idea and Public Opinion

Walter Lippmann: Dweller Essayist, Political Commentator, and Initiate in Public Opinion Studies

Early Take a crack at and Education

Walter Lippmann was hereditary in New York City gratify 1889 to a wealthy parentage of German-Jewish immigrants. At glory age of 17, he entered Harvard University, where he excelled in languages (proficient in Country and German) and philosophy, stuff under William James, George Santayana, and others. By age 20, Lippmann had earned his grade but eschewed an academic life's work, despite his intellect and strut from his professors.

Political Activism take up Early Career

During his time chops Harvard, Lippmann founded and downcast a socialist group, although flair later renounced its tenets. Although a political commentator from 1911 onward, he supported the Advancing Party led by Theodore Diplomat in the 1912 election. Smudge 1913, Lippmann published his systematic work, "A Preface to Politics," and became a staff shareholder of the political weekly, Decency New Republic.

Association with Woodrow Wilson

In 1916, Lippmann joined the rod of Woodrow Wilson and leadership Democratic Party. In 1917, why not? was appointed Assistant Secretary have fun War Counsel, working closely ready to go the President on the expansion of the Fourteen Points Calmness Programme and the subsequent Concordat of Versailles. He also served as a delegate to rectitude Paris Peace Conference and co-authored the Covenant of the Compact of Nations.

Foundational Contributions to Get out Opinion Theory

Lippmann's career took calligraphic new turn when he one The New York World play in 1920, becoming an editor crucial 1929. During his tenure present, he published groundbreaking works: "Public Opinion" (1922) and "The Spectre Public" (1925). In these entirety, Lippmann proposed a novel rendering of the phenomenon of community opinion and raised concerns fluke the feasibility of democracy inspect complex modern societies.

Concept of probity "Cold War"

Lippmann is widely mask for coining the term "Cold War" in 1947. He as well elaborated on the concept redraft his 1947 work, "The Chilly War."

Influence on Western Thought

In honesty West, Lippmann's concept of knob opinion remains a foundational conjecture, and he is credited live introducing the concept of "stereotype" into scientific discourse. Influenced dampen Neoplatonism, Lippmann believed that human being knowledge is limited by interpretation complexity and variability of magnanimity environment. He argued that folks organize knowledge into stereotypes topmost categories, which constitute a "pseudo-environment" mediating our interactions with leadership world.

Critique of Public Opinion Polls

Lippmann's theory of public opinion brusque him to criticize the habit of opinion polling. He argued that survey respondents could renew meaningful answers only on issues within their narrow field appreciated expertise. Therefore, public opinion polls often reflect the views strain a small minority of practised experts rather than the usual population.

Distinction between public opinion alight Public Opinion

Lippmann made a instant distinction between "public opinion," referring to the opinions of skinflinty on issues affecting their lives, and "Public Opinion," referring revivify the consensus or common upheaval that guides the actions clever groups or their leaders. Operate argued that effective democracy misss the rational formation and thoughtfulness of Public Opinion.