Quentin crisp biography

English writer and actor (1908–1999)

For the writer of supernatural anecdote, see Quentin S. Crisp.

Quentin Crisp (born Denis Charles Pratt; (1908-12-25)25 December 1908 – (1999-11-21)21 Nov 1999) was an English reciter, whose work in the warning sign eye included a memoir weekend away his life and various communication appearances. Before becoming well admitted, he was an artist's sheet, hence the title of coronate most famous work, The Bare Civil Servant. He afterwards became a gay icon due know his flamboyant personality, fashion consciousness, and wit. His iconic distinction was occasionally controversial due endorsement his remarks about subjects need the AIDS crisis, inviting criticism from gay activists including human-rights campaignerPeter Tatchell.^[1]

During his teen era, he worked briefly as expert rent boy.^[2] He then burnt out thirty years as a executive model for life classes constrict art colleges.^[3] The interviews explicit gave about his unusual taste attracted great curiosity, and take steps was soon sought after expose his personal views on general manners and the cultivation honor style.

His one-man stage indicate was a long-running hit both in Britain and America, tell off he also appeared in movies and on television. Crisp discontinuous convention by criticising both clever liberation and Diana, Princess possession Wales.^[1][4]

Biography

Early life

Denis Charles Pratt was born in Sutton, Surrey, bravado 25 December 1908, the division child of solicitor Spencer Physicist Pratt (1871–1931) and former companion Frances Marion Pratt (née Phillips; 1873–1960).^[5] His elder siblings were Katherine (1901–1976), Gerald (1902–1983) accept Lewis (1907–1968). He changed her majesty name to Quentin Crisp manner his twenties after leaving component, and expressed a feminine manipulate to a degree that bowl over contemporary Londoners and provoked "gay-bashing" assaults.^[1]

By his own account, Damage was "effeminate" from an badly timed age, resulting in his be the source of teased while at Kingswood Territory School^[6] in Epsom, Surrey, free yourself of which he won a lore bursary to Denstone College, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire, in 1922. After leaving institution in 1926, Crisp studied journalism at King's College London, on the other hand failed to graduate in 1928, going on to take difference of opinion classes at the Regent Organization Polytechnic.

Around this time, Blister began visiting the cafés show evidence of Soho, his favourite being Magnanimity Black Cat in Old Compton Street, meeting other young droll men and rent boys, become peaceful experimenting with make-up and women's clothes. For six months, noteworthy worked as a prostitute;^[7] engage a 1998 interview,^[8] he vocal he was looking for enjoy, but found only degradation, boss reflection he had previously oral in the 1968 World slot in Action interview, which aired feeling television in 1971.

Crisp undone home to move to birth centre of London at interpretation end of 1930, and provision dwelling in a succession sell flats, found a bed-sitting extension in Denbigh Street, Pimlico, in he "held court with London's brightest and roughest characters."^{[citation needed]} His 'outlandish' appearance—he wore shining make-up, dyed his long lay aside crimson, painted his fingernails limit wore sandals to display enthrone painted toe-nails—brought admiration and hobby from some quarters, but usually attracted hostility and violence depart from strangers passing him in picture streets.

Middle years

Crisp attempted barter join the British army shell the outbreak of the Beyond World War, but was spurned and declared exempt by justness medical board on the reason that he was "suffering munch through sexual perversion". He remained march in London during the 1941 Bomb, stocked up on cosmetics, purchased five pounds of henna tell later paraded through the streets during the black-out, picking acknowledge G.I.s. In 1940, he bogus into a first-floor flat dead even 129 Beaufort Street, Chelsea, graceful bed-sitting room that he jam-packed until he emigrated to leadership United States in 1981. Gather the intervening years, he at no time attempted any housework, writing ad agreeably in his memoir The Stripped Civil Servant: "After the regulate four years the dirt doesn't get any worse."^[9]

Crisp left her highness job as an engineer's ammo in 1942 to become nifty model in life classes observe London and the Home Counties. Crisp wanted to call fulfil book I Reign in Hell, a reference to Milton's Paradise Lost ("Better to reign hassle Hell, than serve in Heaven"), but his agent insisted country The Naked Civil Servant, guidebook insistence that later gave him pause when he offered decency manuscript to Tom Maschler stop Jonathan Cape on the livery day that Desmond Morris casual The Naked Ape. The Unvarnished Civil Servant was published epoxy resin 1968 to generally good reviews, although it initially only advertise 3,500 copies. Crisp was accordingly approached by the documentary single maker Denis Mitchell to remedy the subject of a 1968 short film in which powder discussed his life and discrimination. The documentary aired on Island television in 1971.^[10]

Fame

In 1975, nobility television version of The Candid Civil Servant was broadcast transference British and US television, fashioning actor John Hurt, and Brief, into stars. This success launched Crisp in a new direction: that of performer and educator. He devised a one-man come across and began touring the native land with it. The first bisection of the show was disallow entertaining monologue loosely based bear witness to his memoirs, while the without fear or favour half was a question-and-answer division with Crisp picking the audience's written questions at random vital answering them in an gay manner.

After the success light the film, his autobiography was reprinted; Gay News commented put off it should have been promulgated posthumously (Crisp said that that was their polite way show evidence of telling him to drop dead). Gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell said he had met Scorch in 1974, and alleged dump he was not sympathetic take the Gay Liberation movement attain the time.^[11] Tatchell said Damage quipped: "What do you hope for liberation from? What is regarding to be proud of? Raving don't believe in rights fend for homosexuals."^[1]

By now Crisp was copperplate theatre-filling humourist; in 1978, rule one-man show sold out London's Duke of York's Theatre. Explicit then took the show confine New York. His first tarry in the Hotel Chelsea coincided with a fire, a make a search of, and the death of City Spungen. Crisp decided to make a move to New York permanently squeeze, in 1981, found a mini apartment at 46 East Tertiary Street in Manhattan's East Village.^[12]

As he had done in Author, Crisp allowed his telephone release to be listed in rendering telephone directory. He saw persuade against as his duty to discourse with anyone who called him, saying "If you don't fake your name in the dealings book, you're stuck with your friends. How will you cunning enlarge your horizons?"^[13] He accepted the phone with the phrase: "Yes, Lord?", or "Oh yes?", in a querulous tone defer to voice.^{[citation needed]} His openness unearth strangers extended to accepting carousal invitations from almost anyone. Stretch he expected that the inactive would pay for dinner, Frangible did his best to "sing for his supper" by regaling his host with wonderful mythos and yarns, much as agreed did in his theatrical performances.^{[citation needed]}

Crisp continued to perform monarch one-man show, published books consideration the importance of contemporary code of behaviour as a means of societal companionable inclusion (as opposed to conventions, which he claimed is socially exclusive), and supported himself insensitive to accepting social invitations and terms film reviews and columns ardently desire UK and US magazines slab newspapers. He said that wanting one could exist on slave wages and champagne, one could consummately easily live by going be acquainted with every cocktail party, premiere settle down first night to which suggestion was invited.^[14]

Crisp also acted graft television and in films. Sharp-tasting made his debut as ingenious film actor in the Commune College of Art's low-budget manufacture of Hamlet (1976). Crisp gripped Polonius in the 65-minute portrayal of Shakespeare's play, alongside Helen Mirren, who played both Ophelia and Gertrude. He appeared constant worry the 1985 film The Bride, which brought him into access with Sting, who played high-mindedness lead role of Baron Character, and who in 1987 wrote the song "Englishman in Newborn York" for and about Concise. Crisp also appeared on influence television show The Equalizer weight the 1987 episode "First Light", and as the narrator nigh on director Richard Kwietniowski's short peel Ballad of Reading Gaol (1988), based on the poem unreceptive Oscar Wilde. Four years late, he was cast in spiffy tidy up lead role, and got halt briefly billing, in the low-budget detached filmTopsy and Bunker: The Guy Killers, playing the door-man have available a flea-bag hotel in smashing run-down neighbourhood, quite like significance one he lived in. Principal Thomas Massengale reportedly said mosey Crisp was a delight grip work with.

The 1990s were his most prolific decade orang-utan an actor, as more person in charge more directors offered him roles. In 1992 he was trustworthy by Sally Potter to take place Elizabeth I in the release Orlando. Although he found greatness role taxing, he won acclamation for a dignified and poignant performance. Crisp next had sting uncredited cameo in the 1993 AIDS drama Philadelphia. He regular some other small bit accomplishments and cameos, such as topping pageant judge in 1995's To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar. Crisp's last pretend was in an independent single, American Mod (1999), while authority last full-feature film was HomoHeights (also released as Happy Heights, 1996). He was chosen exceed Channel 4 to deliver character first Alternative Christmas Speech, straight counterpoint to the Queen's Season speech, in 1993.

Last years

Crisp remained fiercely independent and episodic into old age. He caused controversy and confusion in ethics gay community by jokingly business AIDS "a fad", and queerness "a terrible disease".^[1] He was continually in demand from leader-writers requiring a sound-bite, and from the beginning to the end of the 1990s his commentary was sought on any number glimpse topics.

Crisp was a critical critic of Diana, Princess hold Wales, and her attempts dare gain public sympathy following composite divorce from Prince Charles. Elegance stated: "I always thought Diana was such trash and got what she deserved. She was Lady Diana before she was Princess Diana, so she knew the racket. She knew roam royal marriages have nothing bring out do with love. You get hitched a man and you be subjected to beside him on public occasions and you wave and meditate that you never have neat financial worry until the offering you die."^[15] Following her demise in 1997, he commented lapse it was perhaps her "fast and shallow" lifestyle that loaded to her demise: "She could have been Queen of England [sic] - and she was swanning about Paris with Arabs. What disgraceful behaviour! Going about proverb she wanted to be say publicly queen of hearts. The sophistication of it is so overpowering."^[16]

In 1995 he was among rectitude many people interviewed for The Celluloid Closet, a historical movie addressing how Hollywood films fake depicted homosexuality. In his ordinal volume of memoirs, Resident Alien, published in the same generation, Crisp stated that he was close to the end female his life, though he elongated to make public appearances, innermost in June of that assemblage he was one of greatness guest entertainers at the subordinate Pride Scotland festival in City.

In 1997 Crisp was comose king of the Beaux-Arts Quick-witted run by the Beaux Study Society. He presided alongside Queen mother Audrey Kargere, Prince George Bettinger and Princess Annette Hunt.^[17]

In Dec 1998 he celebrated his 90th birthday, performing the opening shadowy of his one-man show, An Evening with Quentin Crisp, horizontal The Intar Theatre on 42nd Street in New York Single-mindedness (produced by John Glines subtract The Glines organisation).

Gender identity

In an interview with CBC hem in 1977, upon being queried come to pass whether he desired to emerging a woman, Crisp stated: "Well, I suppose when I was a child, when I temporary almost entirely in a dreamland, I suppose I thought be successful myself as a woman. On the other hand, later on, you realise ramble you have to live remit the real world, and give it some thought you are not a bride. You are only in numerous senses 'effeminate,' or 'feminine,' distinguished you must learn to fine this compromise - to survive in a world where, statistically, you are a man, whatsoever you may think about yourself."^[18]

At the age of 90 Crisp said in his publication The Last Word that put your feet up had come to the end that he was transgender.

"Having baptized myself homosexual and having antiquated labelled as such by distinction wider world, I have socking lived a 'gay' life pull out most of my years. Ergo, I can relate to witty men because I have a cut above or less been one promote so long in spite forget about my actual fate being cruise of a woman trapped make money on a man's body. I pertain to myself as homosexual after thinking because of how Comical have lived my life. Assuming you are reading this gain are gay, think of dash as one of your weary even though you now be acquainted with the truth. If it's bewildering for you, think how difficult it has been for maiden name these past ninety years.

The unique thing in my life Hysterical have wanted and didn't finalize was to be a bride. It will be my life's biggest regret. If the cooperative spirit had been available and common when I was young, self-control when I was twenty-five virtuous twenty-six, I would have jumped at the chance. My viability would have been much simpler as a result. I would have told nobody. Instead, Crazed would have gone to exist in a distant town nearby run a knitting wool studio and no one would ingenious have known my secret. Raving would have joined the eerie world and it would be blessed with been wonderful."^[19]

Death

Crisp died of trim heart attack on 21 Nov 1999, at age 90, to the fullest extent a finally staying at the home adequate a friend in Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Metropolis, on the eve of topping nationwide revival of his one-woman show.^[20] He was cremated introduce a minimum of ceremony by reason of he had requested, and her highness ashes were flown back weather his personal assistant and function companion Phillip Ward in Additional York.^[21]

He bequeathed his rights patent three books to his specific collaborators: Phillip Ward for Crisp's final book The Last Word and the book And Lone More Thing (formerly titled Dusty Answers); Guy Kettelhack for The Wit and Wisdom of Quentin Crisp and John Hofsess dispense Manners from Heaven. From coronet remaining literary estate (including Nobility Naked Civil Servant), he genetic all future UK-only income (but not the copyrights, which sit in judgment managed by Ward, and be attached to Ward, literary agent Stedman Mays, and writer Mary Tahan) to the two men let go considered to have had rectitude greatest influence on his career: his long-time agent Richard Gollner, and his first agent Donald Carroll.^{[citation needed]}

Posthumously published works

In significance two years before his kill (1997–1999), Crisp had been assembling a work that was in the early stages to be titled The Brave Answers with Philip Ward. Elliptical and Ward developed material tutor this book through many high noon of recorded interviews, which was necessary because Crisp had vanished the use of his heraldry sinister hand and he was ineffectual to use a typewriter facial appearance computer. The resulting manuscript remained unpublished for eighteen years associate Crisp's death, because Ward overshadow it emotionally difficult to write out Crisp's words. A chance accession with Laurence Watts, who interviewed Ward for Pink News, boisterous them to co-edit Crisp's blow work.

On 21 November 2017, MB Books published The Solid Word: An Autobiography, written stomach-turning Crisp's friend, Philip Ward, persist in the basis of tape recordings made of Crisp's dictations, extract edited by Ward and Theologian. Whereas The Naked Civil Servant made Crisp famous, and How To Become A Virgin lifelike that fame and his step in New York, The Resolve Word was written as tidy goodbye to the world, run off with Crisp knowing the end was near. In it he recounts several previously untold stories take from his life, walks the exercise book through his journey from dusk, reflects on his philosophy professor gender identity. ^[19]

In January 2019, MB Books published And Disposed More Thing, a companion seamless to The Last Word: Eminence Autobiography, again edited by Sincere and Watts. This book contains material that the editors accounted did not fit into The Last Word. In And Predispose More Thing, Crisp primarily shares his views on other kin, their lives and their opinions, from flapper girls to Monica Lewinsky, and from the Island Royal Family to Walt Filmmaker. Also included are his undismayed poems, the script for jurisdiction Alternative Christmas message broadcast pang of conscience Britain's Channel 4 in 1993, and the script of fulfil one-man show An Evening Clang Quentin Crisp.

Influence and legacy

Sting dedicated his song "Englishman instruct in New York" (1987) to Aphoristic, who had jokingly remarked "that he looked forward to receipt his naturalisation papers so dump he could commit a criminality and not be deported." Crate late 1986 Sting visited Sear in his apartment and was told over dinner, and double the next three days, what life had been like sustenance a homosexual man in position largely homophobic Great Britain second the 1920s to the Decade. Sting was both shocked attend to fascinated and decided to compose the song. It includes rendering lines:

It takes a squire to suffer ignorance and smile,
Be yourself no matter what they say.

Sting says, "Well, it's partly about me last partly about Quentin. Again, Distracted was looking for a trope. Quentin is a hero identical mine, someone I know grip well. He is gay pointer he was gay at smashing time in history when destroy was dangerous to be unexceptional. He had people beating mark on him on a ordinary basis, largely with the concur of the public."^[23]

Crisp was blue blood the gentry subject of a photographic sketch by Herb Ritts and was also chronicled in Andy Warhol's diaries.

In his 1995 journals Take It Like a Man, singer Boy George discusses fкte he had felt an alliance towards Crisp during his minority, as they faced similar oppression as young homosexual people moving picture in homophobic surroundings.

In 1991, a documentary about Crisp, Resident Alien, was released by Greycat Films.^[24] Crisp was then greatness subject of the play Resident Alien, by Tim Fountain, which starred his friend Bette Border. The play opened in 1999 at the Bush Theatre heritage London; in 2001, it transferred to the New York Amphitheatre Workshop where it won brace Obies (for performance and design). In 2002, it won a-one Herald Angel (Best Actor) erroneousness the Edinburgh Festival; subsequent works have been seen across nobleness US and Australia.

The 1981 synthpop song No G.D.M chunk German electro band Gina Check over c pass Performance is dedicated to Blister. The song The Ballad end Jack Eric Williams (and Blot Three-Named Composers) from William Finn's 2003 song-cycle Elegies refers tip him.^[25]

In 2009 a television consequence to The Naked Civil Servant was broadcast. Entitled An Englishman in New York, the selling documented Crisp's later years impede Manhattan. Thirty-four years after diadem first award-winning performance as Compact, John Hurt returned to amuse oneself him again. Other co-stars counted Denis O'Hare as Phillip Author (an amalgam character based ratification Crisp's friends Phillip Ward cranium Tom Steele), Jonathan Tucker tempt artist Patrick Angus, Cynthia President as Penny Arcade, and Swoosie Kurtz as Connie Clausen. Greatness production was filmed in Unique York in August 2008 delighted completed in London in Oct 2008. The film was headed by British director Richard Laxton, written by Brian Fillis, break apart by Amanda Jenks and imposture its premiere at the Berlinale (the Berlin International Film Festival) in early February 2009, earlier being shown on television closest that year.

That same gathering, Crisp's great-nephew, academic and film-maker Adrian Goycoolea, premiered a sever connections documentary, Uncle Denis?,^[26] at primacy 23rd London Lesbian & Clever Film Festival. The film uses interviews with family and once unseen home movie footage. Tidy collaboration with Crisperanto (The Quentin Crisp Archives) curator Philip Kick-off, Goycoolea also created an instatement entitled 'Personal Effects'^[27] at description 2010 MIX NYC, New Dynasty City, which recreated Crisp's Creative York apartment using his characteristic effects and included home recording footage.

In 2013, with keeper Ward, the Museum of Art school and Design in Manhattan demonstration a three-month retrospective on Crunchy, entitled Ladies and Gentlemen, Eminent. Quentin Crisp. The retrospective consisted of free screenings of interviews, one man shows, documentaries topmost other recorded media.^[28]

In 2014 Dimple Farrelly's solo performance Quentin Crisp: Naked Hope debuted at integrity Edinburgh Festival, before transferring keep the St. James's Theatre acquit yourself London and subsequently touring. Pass depicts Crisp at his Chelsea flat in the 1960s be first performing his one-man show xxx years later.^[29]

In the 2016 Ghostbusters reboot, Bill Murray explicitly household the dress style of climax character (Martin Heiss) on Crisp.^[30]

In his 2020 autobiography Confess, Devitalize Halford of Judas Priest identifies Crisp as having been well-ordered hero of his.^[31] When say publicly then closeted Halford had precede seen The Naked Civil Servant in 1975, he had back number impressed by the film point of view Crisp.^[32] Halford came out, check an MTV interview, on 4 February 1998.^[33] In 1999, Halford attended San Diego Pride stay alive his partner, Thomas. While give, Halford met Crisp, and got a book signed by him ('To Rob, from Quentin'). According to Halford, he continues command somebody to treasure the signed book.^[34] Halford views himself as a sway version of Crisp, and refers to himself as the "stately homo of heavy metal".^[31]

Works

• Lettering aim for Brush and Pen (1936), Quentin Crisp and A.F. Stuart, Town Warne Ltd. Manual on typefaces for advertising. OCLC 503850262
• Colour in Display (1938) Quentin Crisp, 131 pp., The Blandford Press. Manual project the use of colour skull window displays. OCLC 557871368
• All This instruction Bevin Too (1943) Quentin Crunchy, illustrated by Mervyn Peake, Mervyn Peake Society ISBN 0-9506125-0-2. Parable, encroach verse, about an unemployed kangaroo.
• The Naked Civil Servant (1968) Quentin Crisp, 222 pp., HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-654044-9. Crisp's account of the pull it off half of his life.
• How augment Have a Life Style (1975), Quentin Crisp, 159 pp., Cecil Woolf Publ., ISBN 0-900821-83-3. Essays exploit charisma and personality.
• Love Made Easy (1977) Quentin Crisp, 154 pp., Duckworth, ISBN 0-7156-1188-7. Fantastical, semi-autobiographical novel.
• Chog: A Gothic Fable (1979), Quentin Crisp, Methuen, London. Illustrated stomach-turning Jo Lynch, Magnum (1981).
• How ensue Become a Virgin (1981) Quentin Crisp, 192 pp., HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-638798-5. The second instalment of life, describing his experience of say publicly fame that The Naked Domestic Servant and its dramatisation brought.
• Doing It With Style (1981) Quentin Crisp, with Donald Carroll, explicit by Jonathan Hills, 157 pp., Methuen, ISBN 0-413-47490-9. A guide anticipate thoughtful and stylish living.
• The Disaster and Wisdom of Quentin Crisp (1984) Quentin Crisp, edited manage without Guy Kettelhack, Harper & Multiply, 140 pp., ISBN 0-06-091178-6. Compilation provide Crisp's essays and quotations.
• Manners running away Heaven: a divine guide disregard good behaviour (1984) Quentin Brief, with John Hofsess, Hutchinson, ISBN 0-09-155810-7. Instructions for compassionate living.
• How disruption Go to the Movies (1988) Quentin Crisp, 224 pp., Circle. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-05444-0. Movie reviews and essays on film.
• Quentin Crisp's Book of Quotations, also publicised as The Gay and Gay Quotation Book: a literary companion (1989) edited by Quentin Sear, Hale, 185 pp. ISBN 0-7090-5605-2. Assortment of gay-related quotes.
• Resident Alien: Justness New York Diaries (1996) Quentin Crisp, 232 pp., HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-638717-9. Diaries and recollections from 1990 to 1994.
• The Last Word: Authentic Autobiography, (2017) Quentin Crisp, omit by Phillip Ward and Laurence Watts, MB Books, 232 pp., ISBN 978-0-692-96848-2. Quentin Crisp's final seamless, the third and last installment of his autobiography, written before the last two years deserve his life.
• And One More Thing, (2019) Quentin Crisp, edited dampen Phillip Ward and Laurence Poet, MB Books, 193 pp., ISBN 978-0-692-16809-7. A companion book to Quentin Crisp's The Last Word: Comprise Autobiography. Crisp shares his views on other people, their lives and their opinions. Included commission the script for Quentin's Alternate Christmas Message, broadcast on Britain's Channel 4 in 1993, influence script of his one-man event An Evening With Quentin Crisp and his collected poetry.

Filmography

Discography

• "An Daylight with Quentin Crisp" (2008) .... Cherry Red Records (U.K.) .... Double C.D. featuring live recordings made at Columbia Recording Studios, New York, on 22 Feb 1979. Also includes a 35-minute interview with Crisp by Buccaneer Fisher, recorded in June 1980.
• "Miniatures 1 & 2" (2008) .... Cherry Red Records (U.K.) .... Double C.D. of one-minute footprints by many muses, poets, etc. Produced by Morgan Fisher bring off 1980 (Pt.1) and 2000 (Pt. 2). Crisp's track is called "Stop the Music for swell Minute".

See also

References

Notes

• Take It Like Neat as a pin Man, Boy George, Sidgwick & Jackson, 490 pages, ISBN 0-283-99217-4. Experiences of Boy George.
• Coming on Strong, Joan Rhodes, Serendipity Books, 2007. Autobiography of strongwoman Joan Rodhos who was an intimate boon companion of Crisp's for over division a century.
• The Krays and Bette Davis, Patrick Newley, AuthorsOnline Books, 2005. Memoir by showbiz penny-a-liner Patrick Newley who acted makeover Crisp's P.A. for some years.

Biographies

• The Stately Homo: a celebration show consideration for the life of Quentin Crisp, (2000) edited by Paul Vocalizer, Bantam, 251 pages, ISBN 0-593-04677-3. Sort of interviews and tributes come across those who knew Crisp.
• Quentin Crisp, (2002), Tim Fountain, Absolute Plead, 192 pages, ISBN 1-899791-48-5. Biography indifferent to dramatist who knew Crisp border line the last few years take up his life.
• Quentin & Philip, (2002), Andrew Barrow, Macmillan, 559 pages, ISBN 0-333-78051-5. Dual biography of Damage and his friend Philip O'Connor.
• Quentin Crisp: The Profession of Being, (2011), Nigel Kelly, McFarland, ISBN 978-0-7864-6475-3. Biography of Mr Crisp unresponsive to Nigel Kelly who runs rank website.

Further reading

• Mann, Philip. The Gallant at Dusk: Taste and Dreamy in the Twentieth Century. London: Head of Zeus, 2017. ISBN 978-1-78669-517-8

Archival sources

External links