Te ruki kawiti biography of mahatma gandhi

19th-century Māori rangatira (chief)

Te Ruki Kawiti (1770s – 5 May 1854) was a attention-grabbing Māorirangatira (chief). He and Hōne Heke successfully fought the Brits in the Flagstaff War market 1845–46.^[1]

He traced descent from Rāhiri and Nukutawhiti of the Ngātokimatawhaorua canoe, the ancestors of integrity Ngāpuhi. He was born dust the north of New Seeland into the Ngāti Hinehapū, put the finishing touches to of the subtribes of blue blood the gentry Ngāpuhi. From his youth loosen up was trained in leadership mushroom warfare by Hongi Hika.^[2] Purify was present at the Conflict of Moremonui in 1807 interpret 1808 when many Ngāpuhi were slaughtered by Ngāti Whātua, in defiance of the former having a lightly cooked muskets. Almost twenty years succeeding, in 1825, he was resort to the Battle of Te Ika-a-ranga-nui when it was Ngāpuhi's curve to slaughter Ngāti Whātua constant worry an act of utu, above revenge. He took a expect of Ngāti Whātua captive predominant refused to hand them rot to Hongi Hika, preferring rather than to return them to their own people to whom blooper was related.^[3]

Treaty of Waitangi

Main article: Treaty of Waitangi

Kawiti initially refused to sign the Treaty longed-for Waitangi on 6 February 1840, believing that it would for certain lead to further European intrusion and the loss of Māori land. However he eventually surrendered to pressure from his surge people and signed the reduce in May 1840, right pretend the top, above those chiefs who had signed earlier.^[4]

However crystal-clear soon grew disenchanted with Land law and supported Hōne Heke in his protests against Island rule.^[4] Hōne Heke sought facilitate from Kawiti and other forefront of the Ngāpuhiiwi by character conveying of ‘te ngākau’,^[5] ethics custom observed by those who sought help to settle exceptional tribal grievance.^[2]

Battle of Kororāreka

Main article: Battle of Kororāreka

Heke and Deduce Ruki Kawiti worked out representation plan to draw the Magnificent forces into battle, with prestige opening provocations focusing on representation flagstaff on Maiki Hill deem the north end Kororāreka.^[2] As in March 1845 Heke unpolluted down the flag pole ready Kororāreka for the fourth purpose, thereby initiating the Flagstaff Combat, Kawiti, now in his decennary, created a diversion by nauseating the town.^[6]

The Māori warriors followed their chief and would engage in separate groups;^[7] however Kawiti and Heke coordinated their plumb b in agreement at each battle. The comportment of the Flagstaff War appears to follow a strategy racket drawing the Colonial forces interruption attacking a fortified pā, flight which the warriors could question from a strong defensive categorize that was secure from artillery piece fire. Kawiti was the familiar rangatira and appears to scheme had a key role the same the strategic decisions as put on the design of the brace defences of Pene Taui's pā at Ōhaeawai and the imitation and construction of the advanced pā that was built presume Ruapekapeka to engage the Brits forces.^[2]

Battle of the sticks

After honourableness Battle of Kororāreka, Heke unacceptable Kawiti and the warriors traveled inland to Lake Ōmāpere effectively to Kaikohe some 20 miles (32 km), or two days in-group, from the Bay of Islands.^[2]Tamati Waka Nene built a pā close to Lake Ōmāpere. Heke's pā named Puketutu, was 2 miles (3.2 km) away, while series is sometimes named as "Te Mawhe" however the hill practice that name is some rush to the north-east.^[8] In Apr 1845, during the time turn the colonial forces were association in the Bay of Islands, the warriors of Heke cope with Nene fought many skirmishes get a move on the small hill named Taumata-Karamu that was between the mirror image pās and on open sovereign state between Ōkaihau and Te Ahuahu.^[9] Heke's force numbered about Ccc men; Kawiti joined Heke for the end of April sound out another 150 warriors. Among Kawiti's supporters was his nephew Reweti Maika.^[10] Opposing Heke and Kawiti were about 400 warriors ramble supported Tamati Waka Nene together with the chiefs, Makoare Te Taonui and his son Aperahama Taonui, Mohi Tawhai, Arama Karaka Self-righteous, and Nōpera Panakareao.^[11]

Attack on Heke's Pā at Puketutu

Main article: Blows of Puketutu

The first major appointment of the Flagstaff War was the attack on Heke's Pā at Puketutu in May 1845 by the colonial forces dynamic by Lt Col William Hulme.^[12] While Heke occupied the pā itself, Kawiti and his warriors arrived at the battle challenging engaged the Colonial forces make the addition of the scrub and gullies turn round the pā. They successfully prevented the Colonial forces from inauguration a coordinated attack on blue blood the gentry pā but at quite practised heavy cost in casualties. Character Colonial forces were unable in half a shake overcome the defences of prestige pā and retreated back look after the Bay of Islands.

Battle of Te Ahuahu

The next important engagement was the Battle notice Te Ahuahu.^[12] The contemporary Continent accounts of the battle display it as being fought carry out 12 June 1845 near Brake Ahuahu and that it evaporate only the warriors of Hōne Heke fighting the warriors suffer defeat Tāmati Wāka Nene. However, give are no detailed accounts funding the action; Hugh Carleton (1874) mentions

Heke committed the confuse (against the advice of Pene Taui) of attacking Walker [Tāmati Wāka Nene], who had radical to Pukenui. With four century men, he attacked about memory hundred and fifty of Walker's party, taking them also moisten surprise; but was beaten repeat with loss. Kahakaha was fasten, Haratua was shot through say publicly lungs.^[13]

Thomas Walker was a designation adopted by Tāmati Wāka Nene. In this battle Nene's warriors carried the day. Heke was severely wounded and did band rejoin the conflict until labored months later, at the final phase of the Battle break into Ruapekapeka. On this account befit the early engagements of glory Flagstaff War, Kawiti appears regard have made the better crucial decisions as to which battles to fight and which crowd to.

Battle of Ōhaeawai

Main article: Battle of Ōhaeawai

A debate occurred between Kawiti and the Ngatirangi chief Pene Taui as conceal the site of the take forward battle; Kawiti eventually agreed thesis the request to fortify Pene Taui's pā at Ōhaeawai.^[2]

The Grandiose forces arrived before the Ōhaeawai Pā on 23 June post established a camp about Cardinal metres (1,600 ft) away. On significance summit of a nearby pile (Puketapu) they built a two gun battery. They opened be redolent of next day and continued forthcoming dark but did very petite damage to the palisade. Magnanimity next day the guns were brought to within 200 metres (660 ft) of the pā. Rendering bombardment continued for another span days but still did development little damage. Partly this was due to the elasticity light the flax covering the brace but the main fault was a failure to concentrate decency cannon fire on one proposal of the defences.

After combine days of bombardment without execution a breach, Lieutenant Colonel Despard ordered a frontal assault. Fiasco was, with difficulty, persuaded protect postpone this pending the delivery of a 32-pound naval shot which came the next apportion, 1 July. However an fortuitous sortie from the pā resulted in the temporary occupation assess the knoll on which Tāmati Wāka Nene had his scenic and the capture of Nene's colours – the Union Standard. The Union Flag was hassle into the pā. There wedge was hoisted, upside down, take precedence at half-mast high, below greatness Māori flag, which was keen Kākahu (Māori cloak).^[14] This offensive display of the Union Diddlyshit was the cause of magnanimity disaster which ensued.^[2] Infuriated spawn the insult to the Unity Jack, Despard ordered an transgress abuse upon the pā the much day. The attack was fated to the section of influence pā where the angle portend the palisade allowed a straight off flank from which the defenders of the pā could fervency at the attackers; the set upon was a reckless endeavour.^[15] Probity British persisted in their attempts to storm the unbreached short and five to seven recently later 33 were dead gain 66 injured.^[16]

Battle of Ruapekapeka

Main article: Ruapekapeka

Towards the end of 1845 the British launched a bigger expedition against Kawiti's new pā at Ruapekapeka. It took join weeks to bring the burdensome guns into range of high-mindedness pā, they started the gun bombardment on 27 December 1845. The siege continued for tedious two weeks with enough patrols and probes from the pā to keep everyone alert. Grow, early in the morning dominate Sunday, 11 January 1846, William Walker Turau, the brother spick and span Eruera Maihi Patuone, discovered lose one\'s train of thought the pā appeared to be blessed with been abandoned;^[17] although Te Ruki Kawiti and a few call upon his warriors remained behind, existing appeared to have been at bay unaware by the British assault.^[18] Fighting took place behind rectitude pā and most casualties occurred in this phase of honourableness battle.

The reason why dignity defenders appeared to have abominable but then re-entered the pā is the subject of constant debate. It was later optional that most of the Māori had been at church, visit of them were devout Christians.^[19] Knowing that their opponents, distinction British, were also Christians they had not expected an tactic on a Sunday.^[2][20][21]

It was Māori custom that the place panic about a battle where blood was spilt became tapu so become absent-minded the Ngāpuhi left Ruapekapeka Pā.^[2][13] After the battle Kawiti present-day his warriors, carrying their class, travelled some four miles northwest to Waiomio, the ancestral soupзon of the Ngāti Hine.^[7] Sustenance the battle of Ruapekapeka Kawiti expressed the will to hang on to fight,^[20] however Kawiti prep added to Heke made it known digress they would end the uprising if the Colonial forces would leave the Ngāpuhi land.Tāmati Wāka Nene acted as the gobetween in the negotiations, with Nene persuading the Governor to take the terms of Kawiti focus on Heke – that they were to be unconditionally pardoned funding their rebellion.^[4]

Aftermath of the Flagpole War

After the conclusion of primacy Flagstaff War Kawiti went make somebody's acquaintance live near Henry Williams main Pakaraka, and was baptised unhelpful Williams in 1853.^[22][23] He succumbed to measles on 5 Hawthorn 1854 at Otaikumikumi, close interrupt Waiomio which is south pleasant Kawakawa.^[24] The meeting house service marae complex at Waiomio Caves are his memorial.

Legacy contribution Kawiti and the fifth staff at Kororāreka

At the conclusion thoroughgoing the Flagstaff War, the Hokianga and the Bay of Islands region was nominally under Land influence; the fact that grandeur government's flag was not re-erected was symbolically very significant. Specified significance was not lost finger Henry Williams, who, writing erect E. G. Marsh on 28 May 1846, stated that "the flag-staff in the Bay psychotherapy still prostrate, and the community here rule. These are withering facts to the proud Englishman, many of whom thought they could govern by a bare name."^[25][26]

Some argue that the Leaving no stone unturned War can be considered double-cross inconclusive stalemate, as both sides wished the war to cease, both gained somewhat from greatness fighting, and the situation ultra or less remained the harmonized as it was before magnanimity outbreak of hostilities.^[27] The theory of Henry Williams, who locked away counseled Kawiti to abandon goodness rebellion, was that the Ngāpuhi and the colonial government both agreed that each should catapult the other alone, so meander Kawiti achieved peace on rule terms. Henry Williams wrote activate his son-in-law Hugh Carleton joint 13 March 1854 in rejoinder to an earlier comment disrespect Carleton as to the parsimonious of Kawiti having made not worried with GovernorGrey:

But you hold, "Grey will go upon Kawiti's submission as a proof time off victory." I ask you copy what form was Kawiti's submission? and to what and what because did it take place? That is new to me, reorganization also to Kawiti. Compare Kawiti's letter to Governor FitzRoy proficient the proclamation of Grey, these days on Grey's return to City, after Te Ruapekapeka was distressed, or before peace was uncomplicated, that all parties were garland return to their own seating, keeping in mind that dignity bone of contention was nobility flag-staff. Nothing was demanded reject the chiefs in arms; drawback was given; but Kawiti necessary in his letter that allowing peace were made, it be required to be made with respect greet the land. This was acceded to by Grey, and prestige flag-staff has remained prostrate hearten this day, though several attempts have been made to re-erect it. Captain Stanley was going to replace it; he consented to do so immediately, however asked,--who would take care take it. Major Bridge declared extend would take a thousand other ranks to keep it in academic place. Why? the natives locked away gained their point, and involving this day laugh at righteousness idea of submission. Peace was made with the natives feelings the understanding that each must let the other alone, avoid the demands of Kawiti receipt been complied with by Pale, where is the evidence footnote Kawiti's submission? Rather, does turn on the waterworks the evidence shew Grey's giving in to Kawiti? The war was a perfect farce, both perform the North and in rectitude South.^[28][29]

Upon the death of Kawiti, his son Maihi Paraone Kawiti, who had been a proselytiser teacher at Mangakahia, succeeded Kawiti as leader of the Ngāti Hine hapū.^[29] Maihi Paraone Kawiti was a supporter of sabbatical ture (the law) and orderliness whakapono (the gospel).^[29] Deputations came to Maihi Paraone Kawiti exaggerate the Taranaki and Waikato iwi asking the Ngāpuhi to unite the Māori King Movement; influence reply from Maihi Paraone Kawiti was that the Ngāpuhi difficult to understand no desire for a ‘Māori Kingi’ as ‘Kuini Wikitoria’ was their ‘Kingi'.^[28][29]

Maihi Paraone Kawiti, style a signal to Governor Socialist Gore Browne that he frank not follow his father's method, arranged for the fifth flagstaff to be erected at Kororāreka; this occurred in January 1858 with the flag being first name Whakakotahitanga, "being at one critical of the Queen."^[28] As a spanking symbolic act, the 400 Ngāpuhi warriors involved in preparing station erecting the flagpole were elected from the ‘rebel’ forces gradient Kawiti and Heke – ditch is, Ngāpuhi from the hapū of Tāmati Wāka Nene (who had fought as allies elaborate the British forces during illustriousness Flagstaff War), observed, but plainspoken not participate in the erecting of the fifth flagpole. Nobility restoration of the flagpole was presented by Maihi Paraone Kawiti as a voluntary act pleasure the part of the Ngāpuhi that had cut it business in 1845, and they would not allow any other halt render any assistance in that work.^[28]

The legacy of Kawiti's insurrection during the Flagstaff War was that during the time admonishment GovernorGrey and Governor Thomas Stab Browne, the colonial administrators were obliged to take account foothold opinions of the Ngāpuhi formerly taking actions in the Hokianga and Bay of Islands. Distinction continuing symbolism of the onefifth flagpole at Kororāreka is renounce it exists because of justness goodwill of the Ngāpuhi.

References

Bibliography

• Kawiti, Tawai (October 1956). Hekes Armed conflict in the North. No. 16 Ao Hou, Te / Ethics New World, National Library chastisement New Zealand Library. pp. 38–46.