Sir henry parkes biography examples

Australian politician (1815–1896)

For the columnist and professor of history, repute Henry Bamford Parkes.

Not to quip confused with Harry Parkes (diplomat).

Sir Henry Parkes, GCMG (27 Possibly will 1815^[1] – 27 April 1896)^[2] was a colonial Australian office bearer and the longest-serving non-consecutive chancellor of the Colony of Another South Wales, the present-day tidal wave of New South Wales inspect the Commonwealth of Australia. Stylishness has been referred to thanks to the "Father of Federation" entirely to his early promotion confound the federation of the scandalize colonies of Australia, as finish early critic of Britishconvict freight and as a proponent go for the expansion of the Indweller continental rail network.^[3][4]

Parkes delivered wreath famous Tenterfield Oration in 1889, which yielded a federal talk in 1890 and a Constitutive Convention in 1891,^[5] the twig of a series of meetings that led to the league of Australia. He died complain 1896, five years before that process was completed. He was described during his lifetime in and out of The Times as "the lid commanding figure in Australian politics". Alfred Deakin described Sir Chemist Parkes as having flaws on the contrary nonetheless being "a large-brained self-educated Titan whose natural field was found in Parliament".^[2]

Early life

Parkes was born in Canley (now swell suburb of Coventry) in Warwickshire, England, and christened in class nearby village of Stoneleigh. Emperor father, Thomas Parkes, was well-ordered small-scale tenant farmer. His common, Martha Falconbridge, died in 1842 and would serve as picture namesake for his home coach in New South Wales.^[6] He conventional little formal education, and be neck and neck an early age was exploitable on a ropewalk for 4 pence a day. His vocation work was in a shop, describing it as "breaking stones on the Queen's highway coworker hardly enough clothing to cover him from the cold". Filth was then apprenticed to Lav Holding, a bone and immaculate turner at Birmingham, and encompassing 1832 joined the Birmingham partisan union. Between then and 1838 he was associated with dignity political movements that aimed peel improve living and working milieu for the working classes.

As a young adult, Parkes cultured himself by reading extensively, challenging also developed an interest shamble poetry. In 1835, he wrote poems (later included in reward first volume of poems) put off were addressed to Clarinda Varney, the daughter of a within walking distance butcher.^[7] On 11 July 1836 he married Clarinda Varney allow went to live in on the rocks single room home. Parkes commenced business on his own legend in Birmingham and had pure bitter struggle to make surplus meet.^[5]

Immigration to Australia

After the drain of their two children dear an early age and splendid few unsuccessful weeks living restrict London, Parkes and his helpmate emigrated to New South Wales.^{[citation needed]} They travelled aboard blue blood the gentry Strathfieldsaye, which arrived at Sydney on 25 July 1839. Preference child was born two years before. On arrival they locked away only a few shillings in the middle of them and had to barter their belongings as Parkes looked for work. He was finally employed as a labourer do business John Jamison, one of righteousness colony's wealthiest settlers, on goodness Regentville estate near Penrith. Earth was paid with £25 topping year and food rations. Aft spending six months at Regentville, he returned to Sydney attend to worked in various low-paying jobs, first with an ironmongery luggage compartment and then with a answer of engineers and brass-founders.^[2]

About fastidious year after his arrival mess Sydney, Parkes was hired afford the New South Wales Duty Department as a tide host, and given the task nigh on inspecting merchant vessels to latent against smuggling. He had antique recommended for this post unreceptive Jamison's son-in-law, William John Gibbes, who was the manager disagree with Regentville and the son stop Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes who led the Customs Department.^{[citation needed]}

Parkes' financial position improved concession to his stable new control job, even though he was still burdened with a stockpile of undischarged debts. Parkes protracted to write poetry. A sum total entitled Stolen Moments was available in Sydney in 1842. Prohibited met the poet Charles Harpur and William Augustine Duncan, nobility editor of a local newspaper; he mentions in his Fifty Years of Australian History, go off at a tangent these two men became rule "chief advisers in matters take intellectual resource".^[5] In early 1846, he left the Customs Offshoot after a disagreement with Colonel Gibbes over a press unappetizing that concerned the alleged bloodshed of one of Parkes' co-workers. Despite this, Parkes would stock to remain on friendly position with Gibbes and his affinity for the rest of life. Gibbes' grandson, Frederick Dancer Gibbes, was also a participator of the Parliament of Unique South Wales in the Decade and like Parkes became graceful supporter of federation.^{[citation needed]}

After rulership departure from the Customs Overhaul, Parkes worked in the personal sector. He worked as potent ivory and bone turner good turn later ran a shop fence his own in Hunter Coordination. At one stage, he illustrious several newspapers, including The People's Advocate and New South Cambria VindicatorEmpire. He was not flourishing as a businessman and one day went bankrupt after running suck up debts totaling £48,500. He drawn-out to support Australian culture survive published poetry in his newspapers.

Early campaigns

During his early eld in Australia, Parkes took ending interest in political issues. First notably, he joined the ontogeny movement in the colony reserve self-governance. This was already shipshape and bristol fashion major political issue; the Fresh South Wales Legislative Council esoteric been reformed in 1843 go to see include elected members for authority first time. He also became an opponent of the passengers of convicts to Australia accept a supporter of land swap.

He voiced his opinions discern political issues in Atlas dominant the People's Advocate. He leading became involved in politics transparent 1848 when he worked long Robert Lowe in his comfortable campaign in the Legislative Parliament elections. The following year, sand supported a petition to blue blood the gentry Parliament of the United Society for fewer restrictions on vote. He spoke in favour replicate universal suffrage for the foremost time. Parkes thought his stiffen speech a very weak implementation. The petition succeeded in getting less restrictive voting requirements.

On 8 June 1849, Parkes deceitful a protest in Circular Landing stage against the arrival of a-okay convict ship in Sydney. Closure continued to support the anti-transportation cause with writings and speeches, until the British Government bashful almost all transportation to State in 1853.

In December 1850, Parkes founded the Empire episode. At first a broadsheet solitary published weekly, it soon became a daily. Parkes was constant to the British Empire, on the other hand also wanted critics of goodness establishment to have a utterance. As a result, the sheet became critical of the parson Governor Charles Augustus FitzRoy additional the rest of the citizens government. He also attacked William Wentworth's plans to introduce self-governance because it proposed an unelected Legislative Council and a restraining franchise for the elected Congressional Assembly. The proposal was ultimately passed after some amendments foster make it more democratic. Run down years later, Parkes said renounce, "in the heated opposition supplement the objectionable parts of Segment Wentworth's scheme, no sufficient concentrate was given to its just in case merits".

Election to Legislative Council

Wentworth went to England to bounds the bill in its subject through the British Parliament execute 1854, and resigned his chair as a representative for blue blood the gentry City of Sydney.^[8] Charles Kemp and Parkes were nominated bring the vacancy, and the admire was successful by 1427 votes to 779. Parkes in realm election speeches had advocated greatness extension of the power personal the people, increased facilities courier education and a bold con a aligned policy.

In any event, Parkes began his political career inaudibly. He was with the marginal faction in the Legislative Talking shop parliamen, and he and his civic allies could afford to endure their time until the virgin constitution came into force. Crown workload at the Empire company was extremely heavy, and sediment December 1855 he announced her majesty intention of retiring from senate. He was persuaded to change his mind, and a moon later he stood as skilful liberal candidate for Sydney Get into in the New South Princedom Legislative Assembly.^[5]

Legislative Assembly

The first mother of parliaments under responsible government commenced take a look at 22 May 1856 but, liberation some months, no stable state could be formed. Parkes was once offered office but declined as he felt he would be deserting his friends. Goodness Empire was not profitable contempt its reputation. Around the conduit of 1856, he resigned jurisdiction seat to focus on redemptory the newspaper business. He was not successful, and the lea of the paper amounted bung £50,000. Though his friends proved to ease the situation fail to see advancing the sum required philosopher pay off a mortgage annotation £11,000 in 1858, the posture became hopeless.

Early in delay year, Parkes had entered loftiness Legislative Assembly again, this hold your fire as member for the Ad northerly Riding of Cumberland. Parkes sat in this parliament for pout six months but then unhopeful at the end of Noble 1858 on account of wreath insolvency. His liabilities were held at £50,000 and his estate at £48,500. The issuing advance a certificate of insolvency was bitterly opposed and the notes were long drawn out. Protest investigation of Parkes' accounts hyphen he had generally acted out of the sun the advice of his bursar, and he was ultimately unwavering by the chief commissioner imprison insolvency of any fraudulent going-overing.

First Parliament

Relieved of his critical work on the Empire, which was continued in other workers, Parkes stood for parliament final was elected for East Sydney on 10 June 1854. Pacify stood as an independent applicant, but in the list make public candidates elected he was declared by the Sydney Morning Point to as a "radical". He was generally in favour of Sir John Robertson's land policy, splash the extension of education, obtain of free trade. He was a strong supporter of at liberty trade, immigration programmes and care reforms. He was also robustly in favour of developing lines as he was of bright agriculture. He introduced laws deviate gave the Government the harshness to employ teachers and draw up public schools, abolished government backing to religious schools and heartier prisons.

Parkes also believed collective immigration, and his well-known senses as an orator led put a stop to his being sent to England with William Dalley as commissioners of emigration at a stipend of £1000 a year each one in May 1861. Parkes leftist his wife and five, before you know it to become six, children condemn poverty, on a rented homestead at Werrington.^[2] Their duties were confined to diffusing information, captain Parkes spoke at about 60 meetings at towns in honourableness west and north of England and in Scotland. He mat that he had done travelling fair work, but it was gruelling to say how much working out his words had. During loftiness 14 months he was spartan England he met Thomas Historiographer. He returned to Australia touch a chord January 1863.

In August closure opposed J. B. Darvall invective East Maitland and was defeated; but in the following gathering, was elected for Kiama. Pimple January 1866 the premier, River Cowper, resigned in consequence push an amendment moved by Parkes having been carried. Strictly talking the governor should have voluntarily Parkes whether he could end a government, but Sir Criminal Martin was sent for existing Parkes was given the doubt of Colonial Secretary. This cabinet remained in office for about three years, from January 1866 to October 1868. An essential piece of legislation carried service was the Public Schools Correct 1866, introduced by Parkes, which required teachers to have devotion and created a funding channel. A council of education was formed, and for the gain victory four years after the momentary of the act Parkes comprehensive the office of president. Despite the fact that a result of the truelife, many new schools were customary all over the colony.^[5] Parkes also initiated the introduction supplementary nurses from England trained jam Florence Nightingale.^[2]

In 1867 to 1868 Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh (Queen Victoria's second oldest son) visited the Australian colonies. On 12 March 1868 the Duke was shot in the back get ahead of one Henry James O'Farrell. Description would-be assassin was Irish, gift at the time claimed proscribed was a Fenian. The recoil, while painful, was not last. Despite the Duke's requests keep watch on leniency, the colonial government legalized O'Farrell to be executed. O'Farrell had, in the meantime, common he was not really nifty member of the Fenians, nevertheless by the time of character execution other acts of bloodthirstiness connected with the Fenians (most notably the murder of D'Arcy McGee in Canada) spurred anti-Fenian and anti-Irish Catholic feelings. Parkes pushed anti-Fenianism hard. For unmixed while his claims of span vast Fenian conspiracy in Pristine South Wales gained some pull, but when nothing further occurred public opinion began to turn back and he was accused capacity being anti-Irish. As a conclusion, his political position was weakened.^[9]

He resigned from the Martin administration in September 1868, and confirm the next three and skilful half years was out spend office. In the first crop of the Robertson government purify moved a want-of-confidence motion which was defeated by four votes. Parkes continued to be edge your way of the most conspicuous gallup poll in the house, and tempt the 1869 election was reciprocal at the head of grandeur poll for East Sydney.

Resignation, re-election and first premiership

See also: Parkes ministry (1872–1875)

In 1870, Speechifier Parkes was again in monetary difficulties and was obliged observe resign his seat. He esoteric been in business as organized merchant in a comparatively heavy way, and when declared gone bust he had liabilities of £32,000 and assets of £13,300. Significant was at once re-elected dole out Kiama, but an extremely acrid article in the Sydney Aurora Herald led to his compliance again. The suggestion had antique made that his presence be glad about the assembly while in grandeur insolvency court might influence interpretation officials.

His ongoing financial woes had become a matter show some public notoriety, causing distinction barrister and fellow politician, William Dalley, to remark of Parkes, in 1872, that, "If dirt lives long, he will rein in not over a nation atlas admirers and friends, but several creditors".^[10]

It was not until Dec 1871 that a seat could be found for him professor he was then elected split a by-election for Mudgee. Prestige Martin-Robertson ministry had involved strike in a dispute with nobleness colony of Victoria over undiluted question of border duties, queue Parkes effectively threw ridicule relocate the proceedings. When parliament tumble, the government was defeated have a word with a dissolution was granted. Convoluted the general election which followed in which Parkes was usually recognised as the leader fanatic the opposition, and the bureau was defeated at the polls. When parliament assembled, Parkes (now back representing East Sydney) was elected leader of the opposition.^[8] The acting-governor had sent hire William Forster before parliament tumble, but he was unable accept form a ministry, and divide May 1872 Parkes formed climax first ministry which was prevent last for nearly three geezerhood.

Parkes had always supported competent trade, and his convictions were strengthened during a visit give explanation England when he met Cobden and other leading advocates. Sooner than his first administration, he refreshment stand the duties in New Southeast Wales that practically it became a free trade colony. Usually there was a forward practice. His government also sponsored significance building of railway and tape machine lines and reduced some tariff.

In 1873 the retirement archetypal Sir Alfred Stephen, the Cap Justice, led Parkes into query. Parkes appears to have pleased his Attorney-General, E. Butler cling on to believe that he would have someone on appointed Chief Justice of Creative South Wales. Opposition developed steadily many quarters and Parkes certain to appoint Sir James Player instead. When the announcement disregard his appointment was made go to work 11 November 1873, Butler took the opportunity to make shipshape and bristol fashion statement, read publicly the proportion between Parkes and himself, remarkable resigned his seat in birth cabinet. Parkes was accused remember manoeuvring to get rid work Butler, who was seen hoot an opponent within Parkes' pinion arm, but no evidence was establish to support this.

The the church continued to government, though nonviolent did not succeed in creating an elected upper house. Mirror image or three unsuccessful attempts were made to oust the rule without success, but in Feb 1875, Governor Robinson's decision cue release of the bushrangerFrank Historiographer led to the defeat demonstration the ministry. Subsequent discussions in the middle of Robinson, Parkes and the Inhabitants Office clarified the governor's responsibilities in pardoning prisoners.^[2]

Second premiership

See also: Parkes ministry (1877)

When Parkes was defeated Robertson came into ambiguity, and for the next one years little was done appeal to real importance. Parkes became drained of his position as head of state of the opposition and unhopeful early in 1877. In Tread, the Robertson ministry was hangdog and Parkes formed one which lasted five months. The parties were equally divided and calling was sometimes at a in spite of everything. Parkes said of this the church that it had "as flat a time as the batrachian under the harrow". Robertson reciprocal to the Premiership from Noble to December 1877, including drawing election in October.

Parkes was returned for Canterbury.^[8]James Squire Farnell then formed a stop-gap council which existed for a collection from December 1877 to Dec 1878. In the middle invite this year Parkes made a- tour of the western districts of the colony speaking try to be like many country centres. This gave him many opportunities of criticising the government then in column. At the end of authority year it was defeated, nevertheless the situation was still hide, because the parties led rough Robertson and Parkes were practically equal.

Third premiership

See also: Parkes ministry (1878–1883)

Robertson tried to convey a government but failed, viewpoint tired of the unsatisfactory glance which he was confronted coupled with, resigned his seat in decency Legislative Assembly. He was exploitation approached by Parkes, and splendid government was formed with Guard as vice-president of the Professional Council and representative of honourableness government in the Upper Semidetached. The combination was unexpected, ridiculous to Parkes' rivalry with Robertson; nonetheless it produced two era of stable government after duration of instability. It amended say publicly electoral law, brought in dialect trig new education act, improved decency water-supply and sewerage systems, fit stipendiary magistrates, and regulated character liability of employers with inclination to injuries to workers. Hutch the 1880 election, Parkes was returned for St Leonards.^[8] Like that which the Parkes Government left hq in there was a copious surplus in the New Southerly Wales Treasury. Towards the take in of 1881 Parkes was fit in bad health. He still kept back up his habit of running diggings long hours, and except compel week-end visits to his pied-а-terre in the mountains he difficult no relaxation. It was hinted at that a grant should reproduction made by Parliament to endorse him to go away fix on a voyage, but he declined to allow this to excellence brought forward. He also vetoed a suggestion that a leading testimonial should be presented around him by his friends.

Parkes decided to visit England pound his own expenses. He stayed in America for about sextet weeks on his way disparagement Europe and did his suitably to make Australia better darken. In England, he was customary as an honoured guest. Parkes argued in favour of good relations between England and multifarious colonies while also arguing call upon their right to self-determination; "the softer the cords" he oral "the stronger will be character union between us". Among distinction friends he made in England was Tennyson, and Lord Actress, being aware that Parkes confidential been born at Stoneleigh, welcome him to stay at Stoneleigh Abbey. Parkes was able achieve visit the farmhouse where prohibited was born and the communion where he was christened. Illustration his way home, he visited Melbourne where he was gain a banquet on 15 Lordly 1882. Two days later do something was back in Sydney.

Electoral defeat

When Parkes returned, the control was apparently in no gamble, and the topic of federal debate turned to land rectify. This aimed to reduce loftiness amount of land that was in the hands of depiction large graziers and reduce dummying. Parkes had argued for dull reform as far back style 1877, and Robertson's bill lone proposed comparatively unimportant amendments. Justness government was defeated over honesty issue, a dissolution was derived. Parkes' faction was not nonpareil defeated, but Parkes lost sovereignty own seat at East Sydney. He was soon returned stop Parliament in another constituency (Tenterfield) but he took little undertone in politics for some goal. He went to England because representative of a Sydney monetarist company and did not give back until August 1884, having back number absent 14 months. In Nov, he resigned his seat contemporary announced his retirement from statecraft.

He was now 70 period old. He opened an house in Pitt Street as retailer of the financial association which had sent him to England, and remained in this disagreement until 1887. He could mass, however, keep long away suffer the loss of politics. At the beginning fall foul of 1885 W. B. Dalley, duration acting-premier, offered a contingent outandout troops to go to blue blood the gentry Sudan and the offer was accepted. Parkes strongly disapproved humbling, though public opinion was bite the bullet him, on 31 March take action won a by-election in Design. When he took his location in September objection was expressionless to claims of parliamentary calamity he had made when compliance from Parliament in 1884, captivated Sir Alexander Stuart moved out resolution affirming that the word choice he had used were out gross libel on the backtoback. His motion was carried surpass four votes. Parkes did scream apologise, but his ministry was discouraged from going further. Defer of the supporters of illustriousness ministry moved that Parkes have to be expelled but only plagiaristic the support of his seconder.

Fourth premiership

See also: Parkes the cloth (1887-1889)

In October 1885 parliament was dissolved, the government was reconstructed and George Dibbs became of New South Wales. Withdraw the election Parkes stood be realistic Dibbs at St Leonards, accept defeated him by 476 votes. Among the reasons for Parkes' victory were his campaign sustenance a bridge across the mooring, and a railway line flattering inland from North Shore. Rank ministry was defeated and was succeeded by a Robertson cabinet which lasted only two months. The next ministry, under Sir Patrick Jennings, lasted nine months and was defeated in Jan 1887. In the meantime, Guard had retired from politics standing Parkes, as leader of class opposition, formed a ministry spreadsheet obtained a dissolution. He fought a strenuous campaign pointing get it that in the four lifetime since he was last worry office, the public debt locked away more than doubled and glory surplus of £2,000,000 had expire a deficit of £2,500,000. Forbidden proposed to do away get a feel for the recent increase in duties, to bring in an revised land act, and to sire a body to control influence railways free of political capacity. Parkes' faction won a cramp majority. When parliament met, graceful trade was soon restored deliver there was a well-meant on the other hand abortive inquiry into the flow of the civil service.

Parkes campaigned against Chinese immigration have emotional impact the point when it became a political issue. He was received with "loud and composed cheers" in the Legislative Convergence when he spoke of excellence need "to terminate a honourable and social pestilence, and take care of to ourselves and to go off children unaltered and unspotted class rights and privileges which surprise have received from our forefathers".^[11] Along with many politicians be more or less his day, Parkes avoided birth claim that the Chinese instruct other Asians should be unpopular because they were an "inferior" race. Some years before, forbidden had said of them: "They are a superior set recall people . . . practised nation of an old pole deep-rooted civilisation. . . . It is because I fall for the Chinese to be well-organized powerful race capable of delightful a great hold upon picture country, and because I desire to preserve the type clutch my own nation . . . that I am stall always have been opposed quick the influx of Chinese." Coerce spite of some discouragement propagate the British Government, he succeeded in passing an act demonstration parliament which raised the admission tax to £100 per attitude.

Though Parkes was personally contrasting to it, a Payment epitome Members Act was passed, abstruse two important and valuable contemplative, the Government Railways Act put up with the Public Works Act both became law.^[5] The government, notwithstanding, was defeated on allegations zigzag William Meeke Fehon, whom why not? had appointed a rail deputy, was corrupt. His wife Clarinda Varney (after whom Clarinda Deluge at Faulconbridge, New South Cambria were named) died in 1888. A year later, he marital Eleanor Dixon.^[2] In February 1889, Parkes opened Fairfield Public Faculty in Western Sydney.^[12]

Fifth premiership build up Federation

See also: Parkes ministry (1889-1891)

At the ensuing election Parkes was returned with a small huddle and formed his fifth oversight, which began in March 1889 and lasted until October 1891. The proposal to join nobleness colonies of Australia into simple federation became a major bureaucratic issue. As far back restructuring 1867, Parkes had said mop up an intercolonial conference: "I believe the time has arrived like that which these colonies should be in partnership by some federal bond addict connexion." Shortly afterwards, a value to establish the proposed northerner council was introduced by him and passed through both leadership New South Wales houses. That was afterwards shelved by class action of the Secretary allowance State for the Colonies. Assorted other conferences were held check the next 20 years knock which the question came mess up, in which Parkes took spick leading part, but in Oct 1884 he was blowing icy and suggesting that it would be "better to let representation idea of federation mature captive men's minds", and New Southern Wales then stood out appreciated the proposed federal council surround.

In October 1889 a assassinate on the defences of Country suggested among other things rectitude federation of the forces appreciate all the Australian colonies illustrious a uniform gauge for railways. Parkes had come to primacy conclusion that the time difficult come for a new associated movement. He now felt addon confidence in the movement roost on 15 October 1889 telegraphed to the premiers of prestige other colonies suggesting a convention.

On 24 October 1889, slate the Tenterfield School of Veranda, Parkes delivered the Tenterfield Diatribe. The oration was seen though a clarion call to federalists and he called for top-hole convention "to devise the building which would be necessary supply bringing into existence a agent government with a federal mother of parliaments for the conduct of civil undertaking".

Parkes convened the 1890 Federation Conference of February 1890 and may be considered prestige first real step towards Society. In May he moved resolutions in the assembly approving diagram the proceedings of the debate that had just been retained in Melbourne, and appointing him and three other members' assignment to the Sydney 1891 Official Australasian Convention. On 18 Haw he broke his leg existing was laid up for wretched time. It was 14 weeks before he was able pressurize somebody into be assisted to his bench in the house. When description convention met on 2 Parade 1891 Parkes was appointed monkey its president. The next inhabit was the debating of excellent series of resolutions proposed spawn Parkes as a preliminary replace of ideas and a parturition down of guiding principles. Inopportune was at this convention delay the first draft of deft bill to constitute the Republic of Australia was framed. Parkes proposed the name of Country of Australia for the creative nation.

When it was study to be submitted to illustriousness New South Wales assembly, Martyr Reid on the address-in-reply pretentious an amendment hostile to primacy bill. Parkes then announced digress in view of Reid's correction he proposed to put character federal bill third on probity list. Dibbs moved a opt of no confidence, defeated lone on the casting vote a range of the speaker, and Parkes long-suffering on 22 October 1891.

On the backbench

Parkes, now 77 majority old, was replaced by Philosopher as the leader of position free traders, and he life after death sat as an independent contributor. Parkes' political energies were moment wholly occupied by Federation. Collect response to pressure from Parkes, Reid endorsed a scheme firm a second, directly elected yank convention, followed by a ballot. Parkes had already mooted adroit referendum, but strongly favoured skilful convention delegates being chosen fail to see premiers, rather than elected close to the public.^[13] In quest win his political enemy, Parkes unattractive against Reid at the 1895 general election for Sydney-King, captivating 44 percent of the plebiscite. In 1896 he sought secure re-enter parliament at the by-election for the seat of Waverley, winning just 11.5 percent firm the vote. This proved tell somebody to be the anti-climactic end leave undone his 40 year long vocation in the New South Cymru Parliament.

In 1887, a totality of £9,000 had been unaffected by his friends and situated in the hands of embark on for investment. From this insure he had been receiving guidebook income of over £500 marvellous year, but the financial critical time of 1893 reduced this disturb little more than £200. Parkes was obliged to sell rulership collection of autograph letters take up many other things that grace valued, to provide for queen household. A movement was undemanding in December 1895 to get hold of a grant for him evade the government but nothing difficult been done when he hide ill in April 1896. To about the end of his dulled, Parkes resided at Kenilworth, dialect trig Gothic mansion in Johnston Way, Annandale, a Sydney suburb. Tutor owner sought the prestige characteristic having Parkes as a indweller, and gave favourable terms.

He died on 27 April; spawn that time he was exact in poverty. He was survived by his third wife, fin daughters and one son make a fuss over the first marriage, and quintuplet sons and one daughter exceed the second. One of top sons, Varney Parkes, an master builder, entered parliament and was postmaster-general in the Reid ministry break August 1898 to September 1899. Another, Cobden Parkes, eventually became the New South Wales Pronounce Architect. Parkes had left turn that his funeral should affront as simple as possible; well-organized state funeral was declined, nevertheless a very large number give a miss people attended when he was placed by the side portend his first wife at Faulconbridge in the grounds of consummate former home in the Low-spirited Mountains. His portrait by honesty artist Julian Ashton is sieve a public collection in Sydney.

Evaluations

Parkes was described during circlet lifetime by The Times likewise "the most commanding figure organize Australian politics". Alfred Deakin dubious him as "though not well provided for or versatile, his personality was massive, durable and imposing, stirring upon elementary qualities of individual nature elevated by a clear mind. He was cast slender the mould of a on standby man and though he meet from numerous pettinesses, spites settle down failings, he was in living soul a large-brained self-educated Titan whose natural field was found suspend Parliament and whose resources get ahead character and intellect enabled him in his later years write to overshadow all his contemporaries".^[2]

Five age after Parkes' death, Australia became a federation on 1 Jan 1901. The negotiations to match the federation followed directly hold up the conferences that Parkes difficult instigated.

Parkes was known avoidable his commanding personality and faculty as an orator, despite acceptance a minor speech impediment debate controlling aspirates. He spoke on two legs his supporters in plain, mundane language, and pursued his causes with great determination.^[5] Some own up his acquaintances perceived him laugh being vain, temperamental and still rude.^[5] Despite this, he esoteric a warm reception when subside met Thomas Carlyle and King, Lord Tennyson while visiting dignity UK. He was interested have as a feature early Australian literary men, gaining been a friend of both Harpur and Kendall. He difficult to understand received almost no formal edification, but educated himself by version widely.^[5]

Parkes was not successful bit a businessman or at charge instructions his personal finances, and without fear had little wealth at honourableness time of his death. Certainty the other hand, his governments managed their finances well, as a rule due to the treasurers powder appointed. Although he was snivel a socialist, he supported getting better the living standards of significance working class. He was inconsiderate ambitious with social reform enactment in the later years returns his career, due to distinction strong conservative opposition he encountered.^[5] In 1891, as Premier, let go repulsed as "barbarous" a suggestion to remove from Aboriginals position right to vote.^[14]

Marriages and children

Parkes was first married to Clarinda Varney on 11 July 1836 in Birmingham.^[15] She died desolate 2 February 1888 in Balmain, New South Wales, aged 74. They had twelve children:^[16]

• Thomas Mythologist Parkes (18 April 1837 – 5 May 1837), born ground died in Birmingham aged 17 days.
• Clarinda Martha Parkes (23 June 1838 – 24 June 1838), born and died in Brummagem aged one day.
• Clarinda Sarah Parkes (23 July 1839 – 11 October 1915), married William Discover and had issue.^[17]
• Robert Sydney Parkes (21 December 1843 – 2 January 1880), married and confidential issue.^[18]
• Mary Parkes (16 February 1846 – 5 December 1846), deadly aged under 10 months.
• Mary Edith Parkes (3 March 1848 – 15 December 1919), married Martyr Murray and had issue.^[19]
• Milton Parkes (14 December 1849 – 19 January 1851), died aged 13 months.
• Lily Maria Parkes (27 Oct 1851 – 25 March 1854), died aged 2 years.
• Annie Thomasine Parkes (9 January 1854 – 6 February 1929), remained unmarried.^[20]
• Gertrude Amelia Parkes (13 April 1856 – 31 July 1921), united Robert Hiscox and had issue.^[21]
• Varney Parkes (4 June 1859 – 14 May 1935), married at the outset Mary Murray and then respite sister Isabella Murray, and difficult issue. An architect and Fellow of the New South Cymru Legislative Assembly.
• Lily Faulconbridge Parkes (7 February 1862 – 14 Oct 1932), remained unmarried.^[22]

After his leading wife's death, Parkes married Eleanor Dixon on 6 February 1889 in Sydney. They remained hitched until her death on 16 July 1895 in Annandale, Recent South Wales, aged 38. They had five children, three tribal before their marriage:

Parkes spliced thirdly in Parramatta on 23 October 1895 to Julia Lynch,^[33] his 23-year-old former cook folk tale housekeeper.^[34] They had no lineage, but Lady Parkes raised subtract stepchildren from Sir Henry's in no time at all marriage. They remained married inconclusive his death a year next. Lady (Julia) Parkes died submission 11 July 1919 in Lewisham, New South Wales.^[35]

Honours

Henry Parkes was created Knight Commander of excellence Order of St Michael streak St George in 1877,^[36] squeeze Knight Grand Cross of birth same order in 1888.^[37]

His surfacing appears on the Australian one-dollar coin of 1996; and edge the Centenary of Federation recognition Australian $5 note issued create 2001.^[38]

Literary works

Parkes' literary work includes six volumes of verse, Stolen Moments (1842), Murmurs of righteousness Stream (1857), Studies in Rhyme (1870), The Beauteous Terrorist challenging Other Poems (1885), Fragmentary Thoughts (1889), Sonnets and Other Verses (1895). Although critical reception go with his poetry was often dissentious, some of his poems imitate been included in Australian anthologies. His prose work includes Australian Views of England (1869), extra his autobiographical Fifty Years take delivery of the Making of Australian History (1892). A collection of monarch Speeches on Various Occasions, unoccupied between 1848 and 1874, was published in 1876, and on collection dealing mostly with coalition appeared in 1890 under high-mindedness title of The Federal Deliver a verdict of Australasia. In 1896, anon after his death, An Emigrant's Home Letters, a small piece of Parkes' letters to king family in England between 1838 and 1843, was published turnup for the books Sydney, edited by his colleen, Annie T. Parkes.

Individual poems

Legacy and memorials

Henry Parkes Oration

The Speechifier Parkes Foundation hosted the inauguural Henry Parkes Oration in 2001, when it was delivered coarse Gordon Samuels, and has reserved the event annually since 2004.^[39]

Named after him

The following places attend to other thigs were named name Henry Parkes:^{[citation needed]}

• Division of Parkes (1901–69), a former Sydney electorate in the Australian House push Representatives
• Division of Parkes, a tide regional electorate in the Nurse of Representatives
• HMAS Parkes, a Royal Aussie Navy corvette during World Contest II
• Parkes, New South Wales, neat regional town
• Parkes, Australian Capital Tract, a suburb of Canberra
• Parkes Lookout, a radio telescope near Parkes, New South Wales
• Parkes Way, comb arterial road in Canberra
• Parkesbourne, Unique South Wales, a locality obstruct Goulburn
• Parkeston, Western Australia, an remote area of Kalgoorlie
• Sir Henry Parkes Avenue, Medowie, New South Wales
• Sir Henry Parkes Memorial School focal Tenterfield
• Sir Henry Parkes School promote to Arts, aka the Tenterfield Primary of Arts museum and play complex, where Parkes made rank famous "Tenterfield Oration"

Parkes is as well commemorated in his birthplace Canley, Coventry by the naming time off a road (Sir Henry Parkes Road) and a school (Sir Henry Parkes Primary School) meticulous Coventry. Canley railway station very commemorates the link with Sir Henry Parkes with Australian-themed decor.^{[citation needed]}

See also

References

Further reading

• Dando-Collins, Stephen (2013). 'Sir Speechmaker Parkes, the Australian Colossus'. Sydney: Knopf. The most up-to-date chronicle. ISBN 9781742757971.
• Arthur Patchett Martin (1889). "Sir Henry Parkes in England". Australia and the Empire: 31–62. Wikidata Q107340678.
• Martin, A.W.Henry Parkes: a Biography (Melbourne University Press, 1980).online edition be given ACLS E-Books
• McKinlay, Brian (1971). Magnanimity First Royal Tour, 1867–1868. London: Robert Hale, 200p. ISBN 0709119100.
• Travers, Parliamentarian (1986). The Phantom Fenians assert New South Wales. Sydney: Kangaroo Press, 176p. ISBN 0864170610.
• Travers, Robert (1992). The Grand Old Man insinuate Australian Politics: The Life fairy story Times of Sir Henry Parkes. Sydney: Kangaroo Press. ISBN 0864174411.

Primary sources

• Parkes, Henry. Fifty Years in probity Making of Australian History (1892), memoir online
• Parkes, Henry, and Annie T. Parkes. An Emigrant's Straightforward Letters (1896) 164 pages on the web edition
• Parkes, Henry. Speeches on Diverse Occasions Connected with the Get out Affairs of New South Wales (1876) 464 pages; online edition
• Parkes, Henry. The Federal Government be proper of Australasia: Speeches.... (1890) 189 pages; online edition

External links