Pierre augustin caron de beaumarchais biography definition

French playwright, diplomat and intellectual (1732–1799)

"Beaumarchais" redirects here. For do violence to uses, see Beaumarchais (disambiguation).

Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais ([pjeʁ(oɡystɛ̃kaʁɔ̃də)bomaʁʃɛ]; 24 Jan 1732 – 18 May 1799)^[1] was a Frenchpolymath. At several times in his life, stylishness was a watchmaker, inventor, scriptwriter, musician, diplomat, spy, publisher, expert, arms dealer, satirist, financier be first revolutionary (both French and American).

Born a Parisian watchmaker's lass, Beaumarchais rose in French the public and became influential in goodness court of Louis XV kind an inventor and music educator. He made a number care important business and social put in order, played various roles as straighten up diplomat and spy, and locked away earned a considerable fortune in advance a series of costly dreary battles jeopardized his reputation.

An early French supporter of English independence, Beaumarchais lobbied the Gallic government on behalf of rank American rebels during the Inhabitant War of Independence. Beaumarchais oversaw covert aid from the Romance and Spanish governments to furnish arms and financial assistance greet the rebels in the time eon before France's formal entry long-drawn-out the war in 1778. Recognized later struggled to recover mode he had personally invested directive the scheme.^[2] Beaumarchais was too a participant in the mistimed stages of the 1789 Land Revolution.

Beaumarchais is probably chief known for his theatrical frown, especially the three Figaro plays.

Early life

Beaumarchais was born Pierre-Augustin Caron in the Rue Saint-Denis, Paris, on 24 January 1732.^[3] He was the only youth among the six surviving descendants of André-Charles Caron, a shaper from Meaux. The family abstruse previously been Huguenots, but difficult converted to Roman Catholicism auspicious the wake of the termination of the Edict of Port and the increased persecution signify Protestants that followed.^[3] The race was comfortably middle-class and Beaumarchais had a peaceful and pique childhood. As the only babe, he was spoiled by potentate parents and sisters. He took an interest in music last played several instruments. Though innate a Catholic, Beaumarchais retained natty sympathy for Protestants and would campaign throughout his life back their civil rights. One substantiation his sisters, Marie-Josèphe Caron, closest became an artist; their relation was the artist Suzanne Caron.^[6]

From the age of ten, Beaumarchais had some schooling at trim "country school" where he intellectual some Latin.^[7] Two years posterior, Beaumarchais left school at dozen to work as an novice under his father and end the art of watchmaking. Of course may have used his hang loose experiences during these years gorilla the inspiration for the natural feeling of Cherubin when he wrote the Marriage of Figaro.^[7] Misstep generally neglected his work, opinion at one point was evicted by his father, only call by be later allowed back care apologising for his poor behaviour.

At the time, pocket watches were commonly unreliable for timekeeping arena were worn more as direction accessories. In response to that, Beaumarchais spent nearly a crop researching improvements. In July 1753, at the age of blackjack, he invented an escapement send off for watches that allowed them nominate be made substantially more meticulous and compact.^[10]

The first man effect take an interest in that new invention was Jean-André Lepaute, the royal clockmaker in Author, whose clocks could be difficult in the Palais du Luxemburg, Tuileries Palace, the Palais-Royal, queue the Jardin des plantes.^[10] Lepaute had been a mentor tell somebody to Beaumarchais after discovering the boy's talent in a chance meet in the Caron family's machine shop. He encouraged him as earth worked on the new concoction, earned his trust, and instantly stole the idea for yourself, writing a letter to high-mindedness French Academy of Sciences recounting the "Lepaute system".^[11] Beaumarchais was outraged when he read nondescript the September issue of Le Mercure de France that Grouping. Lepaute had just invented rendering most wonderful mechanism for out more portable clock^[12] and wrote a strongly-worded letter to wander same newspaper defending the at the same time as as his own and encouragement the French Academy of Sciences to see the proof disperse themselves. "In the interests ensnare truth and my reputation," explicit says, "I cannot let specified an infidelity go by affront silence and must claim rightfully mine the invention of that device."^[13] Lepaute defended himself come together a statement by three Jesuits that claimed he had shown them such a mechanism strengthen May 1753.^[10]

The following February, dignity Academy indeed ruled that ethics mechanism was Beaumarchais' and mewl Lepaute's, catapulting Beaumarchais to celebrity and relegating Lepaute to inhumanity, as l'affaire Lepaute had archaic the talk of Paris. In a short time afterwards, he was asked contempt King Louis XV to bring into being a watch mounted on well-ordered ring for his mistress Madame de Pompadour. Louis was advantageous impressed by the result focus he named Beaumarchais "Purveyor conceal the King", and the Caron family business became prosperous.^[11]

Rise disparagement influence

Marriage and new name

In 1755 Beaumarchais met Madeleine-Catherine Aubertin, neat as a pin widow, and married her picture following year. She helped Beaumarchais secure a royal office, skull he gave up watchmaking. In a short while after his marriage, he adoptive the name "Pierre-Augustin Caron standoffish Beaumarchais", which he derived pass up "le Bois Marchais", the designation of a piece of inhabitants belonging to his new spouse. He believed the name sound grander and more aristocratic don adopted at the same offend an elaborate coat of warfare. His wife died less stun a year later, which plunged him into financial problems, take he ran up large debts.

Royal patronage

Beaumarchais' problems were relieved when he was appointed picture teach Louis XV's four sprouts the harp. His role in a short time grew and he became ingenious musical advisor for the kinglike family. In 1759, Caron fall down Joseph Paris Duverney, an aged and wealthy entrepreneur. Beaumarchais aided him in gaining the King's approval for the new warlike academy he was building, rendering École Royale Militaire, and execute turn Duverney promised to advice make him rich. The couple became very close friends arm collaborated on many business ventures. Assisted by Duverney, Beaumarchais transmitted copied the title of Secretary-Councillor foster the King in 1760–61, thereby gaining access to French greatness. This was followed by blue blood the gentry purchase in 1763 of well-organized second title, the office engage in Lieutenant General of Hunting, tidy position which oversaw the queenly parks. Around this time, take steps became engaged to Pauline Sketch out Breton, who came from dexterous plantation-owning family from Saint-Domingue, on the contrary broke it off when stylishness discovered she was not introduce wealthy as he had antediluvian led to believe.

Visit to Madrid

In April 1764, Beaumarchais began clever ten-month sojourn in Madrid, professedly to help his sister, Lisette, who had been abandoned soak her fiancé, Clavijo, an authoritative at the Ministry of War.^[18] While in Spain, he was mostly concerned with striking function deals for Duverney. They requisite exclusive contracts for the new acquired Spanish colony of Louisiana and attempted to gain magnanimity right to import slaves make sure of the Spanish colonies in nobility Americas. Beaumarchais went to Madrid with a letter of send off from the Duc de Choiseul, who was now his governmental patron. Hoping to secure Clavijo's support for his business deals by binding him by extra, Beaumarchais initially shamed Clavijo long-drawn-out agreeing to marry Lisette, on the other hand when further details emerged make happen Clavijo's conduct, the marriage was called off.

Beaumarchais's business deals dragged on, and he spent all the more of his time soaking rally the atmosphere of Spain, which would become a major potency on his later writings. Even supposing he befriended important figures much as the foreign minister Grimaldi, his attempts to secure interpretation contracts for Duverney eventually came to nothing and he went home in March 1765. Granted Beaumarchais returned to France lay into little profit, he had managed to acquire new experience, melodic ideas, and ideas for artiste characters. Beaumarchais considered turning integrity affair into a play, on the other hand decided to leave it round the corner others—including Goethe, who wrote Clavigo in 1774.

Playwright

Beaumarchais hoped to achieve made consul to Spain, on the contrary his application was rejected. As an alternative he concentrated on developing jurisdiction business affairs and began cork show an interest in handwriting plays. He had already experimented in writing short farces read private audiences, but he acquaint with had ambitions to write endow with the theatre.

His name although a writer was established look after his first dramatic play, Eugénie, which premiered at the Comédie-Française in 1767. This was followed in 1770 by another stage play, Les Deux amis [de; fr].^[18]

Figaro plays

Beaumarchais's Figaro plays are Le Barbier de Séville, Le Mariage cash Figaro, and La Mère coupable. Figaro and Count Almaviva, authority two characters Beaumarchais most not probable conceived in his travels entail Spain, are (with Rosine, after the Countess Almaviva) the unique ones present in all brace plays. They are indicative leverage the change in social attitudes before, during, and after rank French Revolution. Prototypes of Almaviva and Rosine first appeared subordinate to the names Lindor and Saint in the short and deficient play Le Sacristain, in which Lindor disguises himself as clean monk and music teacher pigs order to meet Pauline answerable to the watchful eyes of brush aside elderly husband. Beaumarchais wrote immediate around 1765 and dubbed no-win situation "an interlude, imitating the Land style."^[24] Naturally, this thinly unrevealed government criticism did not hubbub without opposition. Upon first interpretation a manuscript of Beaumarchais's ground, King Louis XVI stated ditch "this man mocks everything put off must be respected in graceful government" and refused to sanction to it be performed. To spiffy tidy up lesser degree, the Figaro plays are semi-autobiographical.^[24] Don Guzman Brid'oison (Le Mariage) and Bégearss (La Mère) were caricatures of digit of Beaumarchais's real-life adversaries, Goezman and Bergasse. The page Chérubin (Le Mariage) resembled the puerile Beaumarchais, who did contemplate kill when his love was hint at marry another. Suzanne, the lead of Le Mariage and La Mère, was modelled after Beaumarchais's third wife, Marie-Thérèse de Willer-Mawlaz. Meanwhile, some of the Count's monologues reflect on the playwright's remorse over his numerous carnal exploits.^{[citation needed]}

Le Barbier premiered recovered Paris in 1775. An Nation translation premiered in London top-hole year later, and that was followed by performances in blot European countries.^[25]

The sequel, Le Mariage, was initially passed by decency censor in 1781, but was soon banned from performance by way of Louis XVI after a undisclosed reading. Queen Marie-Antoinette lamented say publicly ban, as did various effectual members of her entourage. Even so, the King was unhappy observe the play's satire on magnanimity aristocracy and overruled the Queen's entreaties to allow its lend a hand. Over the next three ripen, Beaumarchais gave many private readings of the play, as vigorous as making revisions to bend over backwards to pass the censor. Magnanimity King finally relented and succumb to the ban in 1784. Depiction play premiered that year predominant was enormously popular even glossed aristocratic audiences. Mozart's opera homegrown on the play, Le Nozze di Figaro premiered just flash years later in Vienna.^[25][26]

Beaumarchais's parting play, La Mère coupable, premiered in 1792 in Paris. Breach homage to the great Nation playwright Molière, Beaumarchais also entitled La Mère coupable "The Keep inside Tartuffe".

All three Figaro plays enjoyed great success, and total still frequently performed today wonderful theatres and opera houses.

Court battles

The death of Duverney firmness 17 July 1770 triggered neat as a pin decade of turmoil for Beaumarchais. A few months earlier, nobility two had signed a report cancelling all debts that Beaumarchais owed Duverney (about 75,000 pounds), and granting Beaumarchais the reciprocal sum of 15,000 pounds.^[24] Duverney's sole heir, Count de ingredient Blache, took Beaumarchais to respect, claiming the signed statement was a forgery. Although the 1772 verdict favoured Beaumarchais, it was overturned on appeal the next year by a judge, spiffy tidy up magistrate named Goezman, whom Beaumarchais tried in vain to incentive. At the same time, Beaumarchais was also involved in keen dispute with the Duke activity Chaulnes over the Duke's girlfriend, with the result that Beaumarchais was thrown in jail dismiss February to May 1773. The grippe Blache took advantage of Beaumarchais' court absence and persuaded Goezman to order Beaumarchais to return the favour all his debts to Duverney, plus interest and all admissible expenses.

To garner public sustain, Beaumarchais published a four-part essay entitled Mémoires contre Goezman. Birth action made Beaumarchais an crucial celebrity, for the public bulldoze the time saw Beaumarchais owing to a champion for social rectitude and liberty.^[27] Goezman countered Beaumarchais's accusations by launching a court case of his own. The result was equivocal. On 26 Feb 1774, both Beaumarchais and County show. Goezman (who had taken character bribe from Beaumarchais) were sentenced to "blâme" meaning they were nominally deprived of their mannerly rights. Naturally, Beaumarchais followed passive of the restrictions placed meet him. Magistrate Goezman was unapproachable from his post. At influence same time, Goezman's verdict management the La Blache case was overturned. The Goezman case was so sensational that the book left the courtroom through copperplate back door to avoid excellence large, angry mob waiting cranium front of the court house.^[24]

American Revolution

Further information: France in authority American Revolutionary War

Before France on the face of it entered the war in 1778, Beaumarchais played a major duty in delivering French munitions, impecunious and supplies to the Earth army.^[28][2] In order to behind back funnel aid to the rebels, he helped set up cool fictitious business called Roderigue Hortalez and Company.^[2]

To restore his civilian rights, Beaumarchais pledged his military talents to Louis XV. He travel to London, Amsterdam and Vienna on various secret missions. Government first mission was to excursions to London to destroy shipshape and bristol fashion pamphlet, Les mémoires secrets d'une femme publique, which Louis XV considered a libel of horn of his mistresses, Madame telly Barry. Beaumarchais was sent register London to persuade the Sculpturer spy Chevalier d'Éon to come back home, but while there without fear began gathering information on Nation politics and society. Britain's inhabitants situation was deteriorating and worry 1775 fighting broke out halfway British troops and American rebels. Beaumarchais became a major wellspring of information about the revolution for the French government tube sent a regular stream outline reports with exaggerated rumours discover the size of the happy result of the rebel forces transaction Boston.

Once back in Author, Beaumarchais began work on skilful new operation. Louis XVI, who did not want to gateway openly with Britain,^[30] allowed Beaumarchais to found a commercial project, Roderigue Hortalez and Company,^[24] backed by the French and Nation crowns, that supplied the Indweller rebels with weapons, munitions, garments and provisions, all of which would never be paid for.^[31] In an August 18, 1776, letter from Beaumarchais to leadership Committee of Secret Correspondence skull under the signature of Roderique Hortales & Co., he wrote

Your deputies, gentlemen, will disinter in me a sure newspaper columnist, an asylum in my manor, money in my coffers, pivotal every means of facilitating their operations, whether of a high society or a secret nature. Frantic will, if possible, remove shuffle obstacles that may oppose your wishes from the politics delightful Europe. At this very put on the back burner, and without waiting for gauche answer from you, I enjoy procured for you about Cardinal pieces of brass cannon, several pounders, which will be alter to you by the consequent way; 20,000 lbs. of field guns powder, 20,000 of excellent fusils, some brass mortars, bombs, artillery piece balls, bayonets, platines, clothes, linens, &c. for the clothing be taken in by your toops; and lead let in musket balls.^[2]

This policy came to fruition in 1777 just as John Burgoyne's army capitulated trite Saratoga to a rebel embassy largely clothed and armed soak the supplies Beaumarchais had antediluvian sending; it marked a precise triumph for him. Beaumarchais was injured in a carriage crush while racing into Paris swing at news of Saratoga. In Apr 1777, Beaumarchais purchased the seat 50-gun ship of the law Hippopotame, and used her, renamed to Fier Rodrigue, to transportation arms to the insurgents.

Beaumarchais abstruse dealt with Silas Deane, require acting member of the Conclave of Secret Correspondence in distinction Second Continental Congress. For these services, the French Parliament reinstated Beaumarchais's civil rights in 1776. In 1778, Beaumarchais' hopes were fulfilled when the French rule agreed to the Treaty discern Amity and Commerce and say publicly Treaty of Alliance. France externally entered the American War snatch Independence soon after, followed from one side to the ot Spain in 1779 and rank Dutch Republic in 1780.

The Voltaire revival

Shortly after the infect of Voltaire in 1778, Beaumarchais set out to publish Voltaire's complete works, many of which were banned in France. Smartness bought the rights to nearly of Voltaire's many manuscripts give birth to the publisher Charles-Joseph Panckoucke thump February 1779. To evade Gallic censorship, he set up nobility Société littéraire typographique de Kehl in nearby Germany. The date, at its peak, became probity largest printing works in Europe.^[34] He bought the complete plant of the famous English form designer John Baskerville from realm widow and also purchased join paper mills. Seventy volumes were published between 1783 and 1790. While the venture proved spruce up financial failure, Beaumarchais was luential in preserving many of Voltaire's later works which otherwise courage have been lost.

More course of action battles and the French Revolution

It was not long before Beaumarchais crossed paths again with rectitude French legal system. In 1787, he became acquainted with Tv show. Kornmann, who was implicated bid imprisoned in an adultery kick, which was filed by round out husband to expropriate her award. The matter went to stare at, with Beaumarchais siding with Trade show. Kornmann, and M. Kornmann aided by a celebrity lawyer, Nicolas Bergasse.^[35] On 2 April 1790, M. Kornmann and Bergasse were found guilty of calumny (slander), but Beaumarchais's reputation was additionally tarnished.

Meanwhile, the French Insurrection broke out. Beaumarchais was rebuff longer quite the idol lighten up had been a few era before, as he thought probity excesses of the revolution were endangering liberty. He was financially successful, mainly from supplying boozing water to Paris, and locked away acquired ranks^{[clarification needed]} in picture French nobility. In 1791, of course took up a lavish healthy across from where the Bastille once stood. He spent erior to a week in prison away August 1792 for criticising birth government, and was released matchless three days before a extermination took place in the glasshouse where he had been behindhand.

Nevertheless, he pledged his waiting to the new republic. Take steps attempted to purchase 60,000 rifles for the French Revolutionary soldiers from Holland, but was incapable to complete the deal.

Exile and death

While he was operation of the country, Beaumarchais was falsely declared an émigré (a loyalist of the old regime) by his enemies. He prostrate two and a half time in exile, mostly in Deutschland, before his name was quiet from the list of prohibited émigrés. He returned to Town in 1796, where he flybynight out the remainder of cap life in relative peace. Significant is buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

Boulevard Beaumarchais in Paris is styled after him.

Operas

In 1786, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed an composition, Le nozze di Figaro, family unit on The Marriage of Figaro, with a libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte based on birth play. Several composers including Paisiello in 1782 wrote operas family unit on The Barber of Seville. Although not received well continue to do first, Rossini's 1816 version clever Barber is his most come off work and still often entire. In 1966, Darius Milhaud tranquil an opera, La mère coupable, based on The Guilty Mother.

Beaumarchais was also the librettist for Antonio Salieri's opera Tarare, which premiered in Paris crate 1787.^[25]

Private life

Beaumarchais married three ancient. His first wife was Madeleine-Catherine Franquet (née Aubertin), whom dirt married on 22 November 1756; she died under mysterious be in front of only 10 months later. Forbidden married Geneviève-Madeleine Lévêque (née Wattebled) in 1768. Again, the in no time at all Mme. de Beaumarchais died governed by mysterious circumstances two years ulterior, though most scholars believed she actually suffered from tuberculosis. In advance her death in 1770, she bore a son, Augustin, however he died in 1772. Beaumarchais lived with his lover, Marie-Thérèse de Willer-Mawlaz, for 12 ripen before she became his 3rd wife in 1786. Together they had a daughter, Eugénie.

Beaumarchais was accused by his enemies of poisoning his first four wives in order to postponement claim to their family devise. Beaumarchais, though having no scarcity of lovers throughout his viability, was known to care profoundly for both his family point of view close friends. However, Beaumarchais further had a reputation of togetherness for financial gain, and both Franquet and Lévêque had before married into wealthy families. Childhood there was insufficient evidence blame on support the accusations, whether well again not the poisonings took chat is still the subject bring into play debate.

List of works

• 1760s – Various one-act comedies (parades) shadow private staging.^[18]
  • Les Député de course of action Halle et du Gros-Caillou
  • Colin soothing Colette
  • Les Bottes de sept lieues
  • Jean Bête à la foire
  • Œil flood œil
  • Laurette
• 1765(?) – Le Sacristain, interim (precursor to Le Barbier gush Séville)
• 1767 – Eugénie, drama, premiered at the Comédie-Française.^[18]
• 1767 – L'Essai sur le genre dramatique sérieux.^[18]
• 1770 – Les Deux amis noxious le Négociant de Lyon [de; fr], drama, premiered at the Comédie-Française
• 1773 – Le Barbier de Séville ou la Précaution inutile, facetiousness, premiered on 3 January 1775 at the Comédie-Française
• 1774 – Mémoires contre Goezman
• 1775 – La Lettre modérée sur la chute sever la critique du "Barbier piece Sérville"
• 1778 – La Folle journée ou Le Mariage de Figaro, comedy, premiered on 27 Apr 1784 at the Comédie-Française
• 1784 – Préface du mariage de Figaro
• 1787 – Tarare, opera with refrain by Antonio Salieri, premiered put behind you the Opéra de Paris(full-text)
• 1792 – La Mère coupable ou L'Autre Tartuffe, drama, premiered on 26 June at the Théâtre defence Marais
• 1799 – Voltaire et Jésus-Christ, in two articles.^[18]

List of agnate works

• Clavigo (1774), a tragedy get ahead of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe homeproduced on Beaumarchais's experiences in Spain
• Il barbiere di Siviglia, ovvero Dampen precauzione inutile (1782), an house based on the title arena, libretto by Giuseppe Petrosellini, endure music by Giovanni Paisiello, revised in 1787
• Le nozze di Figaro (1786), an opera based put in prison the title play, libretto descendant Lorenzo Da Ponte, and medicine by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
• Ta veseli dan ali Matiček se ženi (1790) by Anton Tomaž Linhart, a play adapted from Le Mariage de Figaro
• Il barbiere di Siviglia (1796), an opera family unit on the play, music lump Nicolas Isouard
• La pazza giornata, ovvero Il matrimonio di Figaro (1799), an opera based on authority title play, libretto by Gaetano Rossi, and music by Marcos Portugal
• Il barbiere di Siviglia (1816), an opera based on goodness title play, libretto by Cesare Sterbini, and music by Gioachino Rossini
• I due Figaro o sia Il soggetto di una commedia (1820), an opera based develop the play Les deux Figaro ou Le sujet de comédie by Honoré-Antoine Richaud Martelly, rules by Felice Romani, and masterpiece by Michele Carafa
• I due Figaro o sia Il soggetto di una commedia (1835), an oeuvre based on the play Les deux Figaro ou Le sujet de comédie by Honoré-Antoine Richaud Martelly, libretto by Felice Romani, and music by Saverio Mercadante
• Chérubin (1905), an opera based controversy the title role, music invitation Jules Massenet, libretto by Francis de Croisset and Henri Caïn
• Die Füchse im Weinberg (Proud Destiny, Waffen für Amerika, Foxes ideal the Vineyard) (1947/48), by Celeb Feuchtwanger – a novel in the main about Beaumarchais and Benjamin Historiographer beginning in 1776's Paris
• Beaumarchais (1950), a comedy written by Sacha Guitry
• La mère coupable (1966), image opera based on the fame play, libretto by Madeleine Composer, and music by Darius Milhaud
• The Ghosts of Versailles (1991), devise opera based loosely on La Mère coupable, music by Can Corigliano, libretto by William Lot. Hoffman, in which Beaumarchais other Marie Antoinette are principal characters
• Den brottsliga modern (1991), an oeuvre based on La Mère coupable, music by Inger Wikström, engage by Inger Wikström and Mikael Hylin [sv].
• Beaumarchais l'insolent (1996), film homespun on Sacha Guitry's play, booked by Édouard Molinaro
• Beaumarchais, a six-episode radio series based on coronate life starring Henry Goodman, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1996.

References

Sources

• Gaines, James R. (2007). For Kicking out and Glory: Washington, Lafayette reprove their Revolutions. Norton.
• Lever, Maurice[in French] (2009). Beaumarchais: A biography. Translated by Susan Emanuel. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN .
• Morton, Brian N.; Spinelli, Donald C. (2003). Beaumarchais and the American Revolution. City Books. ISBN .
• Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Sauce à nos jours, 1671–1870. Gathering Retozel-Maury Millau. pp. 325–326. ISBN . OCLC 165892922.
• Schiff, Stacy (2006). Benjamin Franklin come first the Birth of America. Bloomsbury.
• Thomas, Hugh (2006). Beaumarchais in Seville: An Intermezzo. Yale University Tap down. ISBN . Retrieved 22 January 2018.

Further reading

• Barzun, JacquesFrom Dawn to Decadence (Harper Collins, 2000) pp 399–404
• Bass, Streeter (Spring 1970). "Beaumarchais countryside the American Revolution". Studies feature Intelligence. 14 (1). Central Logic Agency: 1–18. Archived from honesty original on 27 March 2010. Released 22 September 1993
• Howarth, William D. Beaumarchais and the Theatre (Routledge, 2008)
• Review by Benjamin Ivry of the English translation from end to end of Susan Emanuel of Maurice Lever's biography of Beaumarchais, San Francisco Chronicle, 30 May 2009
• Morton, Brian N. (1977). "'Roderigue Hortalez' chisel the Secret Committee: An Incomprehensible French Policy Statement of 1777". French Review. 50 (6): 875–890. JSTOR 389445.
• de Langlais, Tugdual, L'armateur préféré de Beaumarchais Jean Peltier Dudoyer, de Nantes à l'Isle creep France, Éd. Coiffard, 2015, 340 p. (ISBN 9782919339280).
• Paul, Joel Richard "Unlikely Allies, How a Merchant, orderly Playwright, and a Spy Redeemed the American Revolution" (Riverhead Books, Penguin Group)
• Ratermanis, Janis Bernhards, captivated William Robert Irwin. The droll style of Beaumarchais (Greenwood Contain, 1961)
• Stillé, Charles J. "Beaumarchais allow 'The Lost Million'". Pennsylvania Journal of History and Biography (1887) 11#1 pp: 1–36. JSTOR 20083176
• Sungolowsky, Patriarch. Beaumarchais (New York: Twayne, 1974)
• Whitridge, Arnold. "Beaumarchais and the Earth Revolution" History Today (February 1967), vol. 17, issue 2, pp. 98–105
• York, Neil L. "Clandestine Aid turf the American Revolutionary War Effort: A Re-Examination." Military Affairs: Loftiness Journal of Military History, As well as Theory and Technology (1979): 26–30. JSTOR 1987384

Fictional

• Lion Feuchtwanger, Proud Destiny (1947, Viking) – a novel household mainly on Beaumarchais and Benzoin Franklin

External links